The Great War

The First World War

The Great War

9. League of Nations

8. The Paris Peace Conference

7. Consequences

6. The Home Front

5. Phases

4. Characteristics

3. The Outbreak

2. Crises

1. Causes

INDEX

Sleepwalking

Causes

• 2nd Industrial Revolution
• New powers
• Raw matarials and markets: Imperialism
• Anglo-German rivalry

Economic Causes

• Change: from Bismarckian Systems to Weltpolitik
• Arms Race/

Political-military causes

Alliances: Triple Entente-1904/7

Triple Alliance 1882

• Mass Media
• Nationalism
• Propaganda

PsycHological Causes

The Road to War

CRISes

Info

Moroccan Crises1905

1911- Agadir Crisis

The Eastern Question

The Balkan 'hornet's nest'

1908Greater Serbia

Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina

1914- July Crisis

OUTbreak

• Death in Sarajevo

THe July crisis of 1914

• Gavrilo Prinzip
• Black Hand
• Serbia
• The Ultimatum

the assassin

The Alliance System is set in motion

THE WAR STARTS

CHARACTERISTICS

• Geographical Extension
• Different Fronts

War Fronts

• 28 July 1914-

• Economic Effort
• Social problems

A long war

• 2nd Industrial Rev.
• Innovation
• Old and new weapons
• War of attrition
• Use of repression and propaganda

New weapons

Chemical Weapons

Planes and Zeppelins

Tanks

Submarines

Machine Guns

Artillery

• Armies were increased during the Armed Peace period
• Uso of propaganda
• Volunteers
• Forced recruitment

size of armies

Propaganda

1914-1918

Phases of the war

• 1914
• Schlieffen Plan
• Failure: two European fronts

war of movement

• Invasion of Belgium and France
• French retreat in the Marne
• Russia reacts
• BEF
• Battle of the Marne
• The Front is stabilized

western Front

• Russia enters East Prussia and the Schlieffen Plan fails
• Germany fights in two fronts but...
• ...Russia defeated in Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes

Eastern Front

• balance of forces:
• fronts stabilize(Turkey enters the war)
• armies entrench
• the war exteds

Stable fronts, advancing is difficultHarsh 'War of Attrition' Effects on morale

war of positions

Italy changes sides

Alpine Front

Verdun

Somme

War at Sea

Sinking of the Lusitania

• Demoralization: mutinies...
• Russia leaves the war
• The US enters the war

Crisis of 1917 and the end of the war

• Wilson's 14 Points

• Russian Revolution

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Industry
• Military effort is a priority

The Home Front

• Women join tha labour force

and the war effort

• Economic effort
• Victory or Liberty Bonds

• morale
• propaganda

• 18 January 1919
• The Big Four
• Difficulties:
• Different ideas
• Secret Treaties
• Italy
• Defeated: diktat

Paris peace conference

• Germany
• Responsability for the war
• League of Nations
• Terms:

Treaty of Versailles

Territorial Terms

• Germany also loses its colonies

Military Terms

• Reduction of forces
• No heavy weapons

• Fleet confined and destroyed
• Demilitarization of Rhineland and occupation of the Saarland

War Reparations

• Payment to the victors
• 132.000 billion gold marks

• Austria
• End of the Austro-Húngarian Empire
• War reparation
• Army reduced
• Territories handed over to Italy, Poland and Yugoslavia

TReaty of SaInt Germain

• Hungary
• Territories handed over to Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia
• A third of the Hungarian population remained in those territories

Treaty of trianon

• Bulgaria
• Similar terms to the other treaties
• Territories lost to Romania, Greece and Yugoslavia

treaty of Neuilly

• Turkey
• Lost territories in the Middle East to France (Syria, Lebanon) and Great Britain (Palestina, Iraq) as League of Nations Mandates
• Territorial losses in Anatolia
• Revolution and war against Greece, won by the new Turkish State.
• The harsh territorial terms were changed in the Treaty od Lausanne in 1923

TReaty of SEVRES

• 8 January 1918- Wilson's 14 points
• Creation of the League of Nations

League of nations

Objetives:

• maintain peace and cooperation amongst people
• disarmament
• social and cultural development
• Diplomacy
• Respect of International Law

• Geneva
• General Assembly: met once a year. Admitted new members or expelled those that didn't follow the rules.
• Council: 4 permanent members (UK, Fr, It and Japan) y 4 temporary, met every two years

• International Court in The Hague
• Not very effective:
• Little capacity of decision (unanimity was needed).

• Germany and the USSR were not admitted

• USA didn't join. With a new president, they decided on a policy of isolation
• It did not have an army that could enforce possible sanctions or intervene in case of conflict.

• 1920s and 1930s: The League of Nations was unable to stop the aggressive foreign policies of Germany, Italy, and Japan, thus failing to prevent the outbreak of World War II.

In couples: what do you think this cartoon means?

1913 ​Bulgaria seeks to annex the territories lost by Turkey. The latter, along with Romania, Serbia, and Greece, defeated Bulgaria. The disputed territories were transferred to Serbia, which aimed to become the major power in the region (Greater Serbia)

28 June Sarajevo Assasination 23 July After securing German support, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia 28 July Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 30 July Russia initiates a general mobilization, supporting Serbia 1 August Germany declares war on Russia. France starts a general mobilization 3 August Germany declares war on France 4 August Germany invades Belgium, prompting the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany.