HENRY II

founder of Plantagenet dynasty

Henry II

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Two of his sons would also sit on the English throne after his death - the Crusading King Richard the Lionheart and Bad King John, famed for signing Magna Carta and for his portrayal as the villain in the Robin Hood legends.

The first of 14 Plantagenet English kings to sit on the English throne - a dynasty that would last 331 years until Henry VII, of the House of Tudor, took over.

King of: England, but also a large part of France, from 1154 until his death in 1189

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Henry II, the 12th-century English monarch, married Eleanor of Aquitaine, a union that would have significant historical implications. The marriage produced several heirs, including future kings Richard the Lionheart and John. However, marital discord arose due to Eleanor's political involvement and her support for their sons' rebellions against Henry. In 1173, Henry exiled Eleanor for her role in a revolt led by their sons. The reasons for the exile included Eleanor's alliance with their rebellious offspring, challenging Henry's authority.

Marriage implications

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Reform of the Military Service: During the reign, the ruler implemented significant reform in the military service system. Replacement of Traditional Military Service: Previously, barons were required to provide military service by sending knights to serve the king. Introduction of "Shield Money": The king introduced a new option called "Shield Money". This option allowed the barons to pay a sum of money to the king instead of directly providing military service to their knights. Purpose: The funds raised through "Shield Money" were used by the king to finance his military expeditions. Hiring Mercenaries: With the money raised, the king could hire mercenaries to support his military campaigns rather than depending solely on feudal knights. Strategic Implications: This change had profound strategic implications, allowing the king to have greater control and flexibility in organizing military forces. Response from the Barons: The new practice sparked various reactions among the barons, some of whom preferred payment to direct service.

SHIELD MONEY

the king introduced the concept of "Shield Money" as an alternative to the barons' traditional military service, offering a more flexible option for managing military resources.

il re abbia introdotto il concetto di "Shield Money" come alternativa al tradizionale servizio militare dei baroni, offrendo un'opzione più flessibile per la gestione delle risorse militari.

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Legal Reforms and Conflict during Henry II's Reign

Legal Reforms: Henry II aimed to establish a more robust system of justice in England during his reign. Constitutions of Clarendon: a set of laws introduced to judge clerks accused of common crimes in the king's court. Opposition from Thomas Becket: Archbishop of Canterbury, opposed Henry II's legal reforms, leading to a conflict between the church and the crown. Exile of Thomas a Becket: Furious with Becket's opposition, Henry II sent him into exile in France for seven years. Tragic Return of Becket: Upon Becket's return, four knights loyal to Henry II murdered him in Canterbury Cathedral. Church's Response: canonized Thomas Becket, making him a martyr and a saint. As a consequence, the king lost significant rights for three centuries. Spread of Common Law: Henry II dispatched royal judges across England to spread the common law of the land. This contributed to the unification of legal practices. Introduction of Trial by Jury: Henry II played a pivotal role in introducing trial by jury, where the jury served as witnesses rather than rendering a verdict.

Angevin Empire Formation: During Henry II's reign, significant territorial expansion occurred, resulting in the creation of the Angevin Empire.Territories Included: The Angevin Empire comprised several key regions: England: Henry II's primary kingdom. Normandy: An important region in northern France, traditionally linked to the English crown. Anjou: Henry's ancestral homeland in western France. Aquitaine: A vast and strategically important territory in southwestern France. Strategic Importance: The incorporation of Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine into the Angevin Empire provided Henry II with a powerful and strategically positioned domain. Unification of Territories: Henry II's efforts aimed to unify these territories under a single rule, consolidating his authority and influence. Administrative Challenges: Governing a diverse empire presented administrative challenges, but Henry's strong central authority helped maintain control. Impact on Successors: The Angevin Empire laid the foundation for future Plantagenet rulers, shaping their relationships with continental territories. Legacy of Expansion: The territorial expansion during Henry II's reign contributed to the Angevin legacy, impacting the political landscape of medieval Europe. Significance in European History: The Angevin Empire marked a notable chapter in European history, illustrating the medieval ambitions of English kings beyond their insular borders. Enduring Impact: Although the Angevin Empire faced challenges and later underwent changes, its formation under Henry II had enduring consequences for English and European politics.

Building the Angevin Empire

His reign left a lasting impact on English legal and judicial systems, and he is remembered as a monarch who sought to strengthen royal authority.

Henry II passed away in 1189, marking the end of a significant era in English history.

Death of Henry II:

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1.Marriages and divorces:- Eleanor of Aquitaine was involved in controversial marriages and divorced Louis VII, a rare event in the context of the medieval era.2.Political involvement:- She played an active role in politics, openly supporting her sons in the rebellion against Henry II, her second husband. 3.Participation in the Second Crusade: - Eleanor took an active part in the Second Crusade, demonstrating her adventurous spirit. 4.Cultural influence: - She was a patron of the arts and troubadours, promoting a vibrant cultural environment at her court. The combination of these elements led to the label "rebel queen of the Middle Ages" for Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Henry II, the 12th-century English monarch, married Eleanor of Aquitaine, a union that would have significant historical implications. The marriage produced several heirs, including future kings Richard the Lionheart and John. However, marital discord arose due to Eleanor's political involvement and her support for their sons' rebellions against Henry. In 1173, Henry exiled Eleanor for her role in a revolt led by their sons. The reasons for the exile included Eleanor's alliance with their rebellious offspring, challenging Henry's authority.

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REBEL QUEEN

OF THE MIDDLE AGES

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