Learning Theories

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Learning is an active process that involves the construction of knowledge by the learner through interaction with the environment (Ertmer & Newby, 2013).

Constructivism

Focuses on the mental processes involved in learning, such as attention, perception, and memory (Ertmer & Newby, 2013).

Cognitivism

Emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping human behavior (Ertmer & Newby, 2013)

Behaviorism

Elizabeth Hanner EDU-522 Curriculum Design Theories

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LEARNING THEORIES

Elizabeth Hanner EDU-522 Curriculum Design Theories

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BEHAVIORISM

Elizabeth Hanner EDU-522 Curriculum Design Theories

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COGNITIVISM

Elizabeth Hanner EDU-522 Curriculum Design Theories

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CONSTRUCTIVISM

Dilshad, M. N. (2017). Learning theories: Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism. International Education and Research Journal, 3(9), 64-66. Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (2013). Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing Critical Features From an Instructional Design Perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 26(2), 43–71. https://doi- org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/piq.21143 Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2016). Curriculum: foundations, principles, and issues. (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN-13: 9780134060354

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Major Theorists

Learning Types

Behavior theorists recognize two types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through an association between a stimulus and a response, while in operant conditioning, learning occurs through reinforcement or punishment of a behavior (Ertmer & Newby, 2013).

Characteristics

Constructivism is characterized by the belief that learners construct knowledge for themselves rather than simply receiving it from the outside world (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016).

How Learning Occurs

According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2016), learning in constructivism occurs when individuals construct meaning and knowledge through experiences, interactions, and reflections. The learners actively participate in learning by creating mental structures rather than just receiving and processing information passively. .

How Learning Occurs

Learning occurs through reinforcement, either positive (reward) or negative (punishment). Behaviorists emphasize conditioning and associations between stimuli and responses.

Learning Types

According to Dilshad (2017), in cognitivism, there are two primary types of learning: problem-solving and critical thinking, as well as conceptual understanding and higher-order thinking skills.

How Learning Occurs

Cognitivism posits that learning involves cognitive processes such as attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). Cognitive structures develop and adapt over time.

Major Theorists

Learning Types

The different types of learning associated with constructivism include inquiry-based learning, collaborative learning, social interaction, and real-world problem-solving.

Role of Memory

According to Ertmer and Newby (2013), memory plays a crucial role in the learning and cognitive processes of an individual. Memory enables an individual to store and retrieve information, which can be used for decision-making and problem-solving.

Characteristics

Behaviorism emphasizes the significance of external stimuli in shaping observable behaviors. It holds that learning occurs due to environmental conditioning through reinforcement and punishment (Dilshad, 2017).

Role of Memory

According to behaviorists, memory is a byproduct of learned behaviors and its role is to focus on retaining and recalling observable actions. In other words, memory plays a crucial role in shaping our behaviors by allowing us to learn from our experiences and modify our actions accordingly.

Major Theorists

Role of Memory

The constructivist theory suggests that individuals build their understanding by drawing from their experiences, and their memory facilitates their ability to recall and use that knowledge (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016). In addition, memory plays a critical role in connecting new information and prior knowledge and facilitating problem-solving and decision-making.

Characteristics

Cognitivism emphasizes internal cognitive processes such as memory, decision-making, and problem-solving.