CO2 Retention

What produces CO2 Retention in Breathing using Long Snorkel

Done by: Hafsah Alsouli Nu200080

Learning Objectives

Define the snorkel, its contents, and the limit of length tube.

Identify using snorkel consequences and how it causes CO2 retention.

How Snorkels Work

Contents of classic snorkel

What produces CO2 Retention in Breathing using Long Snorkel

What is the snorkel?

Defenetion

An equipment that allows divers and swimmers to keep their face down in the water while breathing

What produces CO2 Retention in Breathing using Long Snorkel

What is CO2 retention?

Defenetion

Not effectively getting rid of the excess carbon dioxide, leading to an accumulation of CO2 specifically in the lungs and then in the bloodstream.

Causes

CO2 retention

Increase in Dead space

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Increase in airway Resistance

shallow breathing

How the snorkel cause CO2 retention?

Adds an additional dead space of 160-170 ml Subsequently increase in the concentration of CO2 in the inspired gas due to expired air trapped in the snorkel which is then re-inspired.

Increasing Dead space

Increasing Dead space

What is dead space

PhysiologicallyAnatomical space and Alveolar regions which are ventilated but have no gas exchange occurring

Anatomicallythe part that doesn’t participate in gas exchange (Airways)

As VD increases, The value of VA decreases

THE SNORKEL DECREASES THE ALVEOLAR VENTILATION

we can calculate the alveolar ventilation by the equation: VA = (VT - VD ) × respiration rate VT: tidal volume VD: volume of dead space

According to Poiseuille’s law as the length of increases, the resistance also increases Poiseuille’s law: R = 8Lη /πr4

Increased Air Resistance

A smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow.

Prolonged snorkeling causes hypercapnia which decreases blood pH and causes acidosis

Potential Health Implications

Hypercapnia

it's uncommon for healthy individuals to experience significant hypercapnia during snorkeling. There are other related disease that increase the risk of hypercapnia

Ashtma

Diseases Related to CO2 Retention

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Note: It contributes to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the bloodstream, leading to hypercapnia

Hypoventilation

Reduced ventilation or breathing at a rate insufficient to meet the body's demand for gas exchange

HyperCapnia

Increase in the concentration of CO2 in the bloodstream

VS

An Awesome Title

Refrences

1) Toklu, A. S., Kayserilioğlu, A., Unal, M., Ozer, S., & Aktaş, S. (2003). Ventilatory and metabolic response to rebreathing the expired air in the snorkel. International journal of sports medicine, 24(3), 162–165. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12740732/ 2) Guyton; 14th Ed: 497-498, 511-513 3) Ward, M. F. (2020). Understanding CO2 & DIVING. https://divelab.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Understanding-CO2-Diving.pdf

Thank you

With this function... You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

With this function... You can add additional content that excites the brain of your audience: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

With this function... You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Did you know... The window allows you to add more extensive content. You can enrich your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

With this function... You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Did you know... The window allows you to add more extensive content. You can enrich your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

With this function... You can add additional content that excites the brain of your audience: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Did you know... The window allows you to add more extensive content. You can enrich your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Did you know... The window allows you to add more extensive content. You can enrich your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title

Cool Title