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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the modification of proteins and the synthesis of lipids. There are two kinds: rough and smooth. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) gets its name from the bumpy ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface. Newly formed proteins from the ribosomes are sent into the ER where they fold and undergo modifications. The smooth ER is continuous with the rough ER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Its functions include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell's supportive extracellular structure is its cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid covering that surrounds the cell, protecting it and giving it support and shape.

Cell Wall

A plant cell has a central vacuole. It contains inorganic ions and water and is important for turgor pressure. Turgor pressure is how large a central vacuole can get. It provides structure for the inside of the cell.

Vacuole

The chloroplast's job is to carry out photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, light energy is collected and used to build sugars from carbon dioxide. The energy contained in these sugars is harvested through cellular respiration.

Chloroplast

When vesicles bud off from the ER they need to be sorted, packaged, and tagged so that they wind up in the right place. This sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution takes place in the Golgi apparatus (Golgi body). As proteins and lipids travel through the Golgi, they undergo further modifications. Finally, the modified proteins are sorted (based on markers such as amino acid sequences and chemical tags) and packaged into vesicles that bud from the trans face of the Golgi.

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria, aka the powerhouse of the celll, make a steady supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for a cell. ATP are a cell's main energy-carrying molecule.The process of making ATP is called cellular respiration and many of the steps happen in mitochondria.

Mitochondria

Ribosomes are made of RNA and proteins. They are comprised are large and small subunits and can be located cound to ER, bound to the nuclear envelope, or in cytosol. Their job is to synthesize proteins. In eukaryotes, ribosomes get their orders for protein synthesis from the nucleus, where portions of DNA are transcribed to make messenger RNAs (mRNAs). An mRNA travels to the ribosome, which uses the information to build a protein with a specific amino acid sequence. This process is called translation.

Ribosomes

A plasma membrane is a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment. it controls passage of various molecules including sugars and amino acids into and out of the cell. The surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane