PHONETICS

CREOLE

HAWAI'I

1820 English first foothold through Christian missionaries who started pushing English on the locals

400 C.E. Polynesian voyagers from the Marquesas Islands settled down in the Hawaiian islands. Only Hawaiian was spoken

1778 Hawai'i was first visited by Europeans. Explorer James Cook landed on the archipelago. It became an important stopover for ships involved in trading

1870s Immigrant families began to arrive and more children were born on the plantations

1920s Pidgin was the dominant language of the plantation worker´s children.

1835 First sugarcane plantation was established. Thousand of labourers were brought from China, Portugal, Japan, Korea, Spain, and the Philippines. A common language was needed to communicate

Hawai'i Creole English was born

• Some pidgins expanded, began to be used for all facettes of life: social and family life
• Passed down from generation to generation and becomes children´s native language
• They become languages in their own rights
• Hawai'i creole is based on English

CREOLE

What is the difference between a pidgin and a creole?

PIDGIN

• Is a new language that develops when speakers of different languages come into contact with each other and have a need to communicate
• One group of people is dominant over another group of people and the less dominant needs to communicate
• Simplified and basic vocabulary and grammar
• Situations of slavery, trade or colonial contact
• At first it was restricted in use (job or trade)

• Official language

Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Tagalog, Portuguese, Spanish, Cantonese, among others

Standard American English

• 2000 native speakers: 0.15 of the population
• Official language

• A rich linguistic history based on the need for a common language among a diverse group of people who spoke different languages
• A dark side based on plantation domination and American English hegemony
• Half of the population: 600.000 native speakers

Hawaiian English

Hawai'i Creole

Languages spoken in Hawai'i:

ConsonantsVowels Intonation Stress Grammar Lexis

Consonants

think - tinkthick - tick both - boat father - fadethis - dis other - uda

Examples:

instead of

/th/

or

/t/ /d/

or

Consonant cluster variation

tree - chree drill - jrill

Examples:

instead of

/tr/ /dr/

or

/chr/ /jr/

PIDGIN

SAE

kepaek sawf laes kol spen

Final consonant clusters

keptact soft last cold spend

dear - dia welfare - welfea

parking - paking scared - sked for - fo

Examples:

Sometimes the final /r/ is changed to another vowel

is not pronounced after some vowels

/r/

Hawai'i

pak the cah in the yad (throat vocalized)

paahk the caah in the yaahd (nazalized)

Examples:

Boston

Hawai'i accent is similar to Boston accent but...

/r/

Dictionary dikshanaeri Inventory inventawri Ceremony saramoni Hurricane harakein Alcohol aelkahawl Strawberry shchrawbaeri hospital hospito

Stress Patterns

Syllabic /l/

fit heat luke bad pen pipo aepo taerabo

PIDGIN

SAE

Vowels

feethit look bed pan people apple terrible

You know that sometimes when people are talking from Hawai'i..."

"You know that guy who is round the corner like that..."

Examples:

A salient characteristic of a Hawai'i accent is the rising tone for statements

Rising intonation

SAE

"Are you a lifeguard?"

"hey you a lifegad?" "hey you a lifegad yeah"

Pidgin

In Pidgin the intonation pattern falls at the end of a Yes/No question. But it rises when ending in tags: yeah,eh,o watIn SAE the intonation rises

Falling intonation

ARTICLES

I like the dog I like da dog I want to buy a dog I like buy won dog

Examples:

are represented by

da won

the - a

Da Kine is used instead of "it"As a fillerTakes the meaning depending on the contextUsed to refer to anything you forgot the name ofAloha means: hello, goodbye, loveTalk story is a great way to relax with friends

LEXIS

Mai sista nat skini. "My sister isn't skinny".Da cat no eat fish. "The cat doesn´t eat fish"

Verb negation: nat, no, neva

Da baby goin eat "The baby is going to eat"

Future tense: go, gon, gona before the verb

Da baby wen cry "The baby cried"

Past tense: wen ‘went’ before the verb

Da baby cute "The baby is cute". Da book stay on the table "The book is on the table"

Verb "To be" sometimes dropped"Stay" used in place of "To be"

Grammar

Hawaiian Pidgin

A: Eh, howzit, brah? Long time no see, yeah? B: Eh, da kine! Been bus' lately. How you stay? A: No worries, jus' grindin' and tryna catch some waves. You stay still workin' at da surf shop? B: Nah, quit dat job. Now I stay workin' at da shrimp truck by da beach. Mo' bettah grind, fo' real. A: Ho, das cool, yeah? Shrimp truck food da bes! Me and da ohana wen go dea laes weeken. Broke da mouth! B: Shoots, you gotta come back. We goin' get some new kine specials dis week. Maybe try some garlic butte shrimp. A: Sound ono! We goin' stop by. Small kid time, we used to go beach, yeah? Remember dem days? B: Fo' real! We used to run 'round barefoot, slippahs stay in da car A: Haha, da kine days was da bes! We go grab some grindz. talk story and just enjoy da aloha spirit, you know? If can can, If no can, no can B: Fo' sure, brah! Let's plan 'em. Catch you later den. Take care! Aloha! A: Aloha, you take care too, and we go catch up da kine! Bumbye!

This is a dialogue in Pidgin between two friendsAct it out with your partner Can you act it out in SAE?

Find variations related to:

A. Consonant clusters B. Omission of /r/ C. Falling intonation D. Articles E. Past tense formation F. Pidgin words or phrases G. Vowel sounds

"When an individual is asked to reject their own language, we are asking them to drop allegiances to the people and places that define them. We do not, cannot under our laws, ask a person to change the color of her skin, her religion, her gender, her sexual identity, but we regularly demand on people that they suppress or deny the most effective way they have of situating themselves socially in the world" Rosina Lippi-Green

Hawaiian Creole is a language, not "broken English"

San Roman, J. Kochi, J. Teachers guide to supporting Hawaiian American Standard English learners. Adapted from the work of Kent Sakoda and Jeff Siegel.

Drager, K. (2012). Pidgin and Hawai‘i English: An overview. International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication, 1, 61.

http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html

Lippi-Green, R. (2012). English with an Accent. Routledge.

http://www.eyeofhawaii.com/Hawaiian/hawaiian.htm

References

Aloha!