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(2)(D) identify the individuals, issues, and events related to Mexico becoming an independent nation and its impact on Texas, including Father Miguel Hidalgo, Texas involvement in the fight for independence, José Gutiérrez de Lara, the Battle of Medina, the Mexican federal Constitution of 1824, the merger of Texas and Coahuila as a state, the State Colonization Law of 1825, and slavery;
Mexican National Era
Causes of the Wars of Mexican Independence  
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Mexican National EraCauses of the Wars of Mexican Independence

(2)(D) identify the individuals, issues, and events related to Mexico becoming an independent nation and its impact on Texas, including Father Miguel Hidalgo, Texas involvement in the fight for independence, José Gutiérrez de Lara, the Battle of Medina, the Mexican federal Constitution of 1824, the merger of Texas and Coahuila as a state, the State Colonization Law of 1825, and slavery;

Peninsulares

Criollos

Mestizos

Native Americans (Indians)

Slaves

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4

3

2

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Caste System in New Spain

Click on each social class name to learn more

Info

How do these signs make you feel?

Cause

Effect

The majority of New Spain (Mexico) was made up of Mestizos, Native Americans, and slaves. They were sick and tired of being treated as less than human, and were waiting for the spark to burn down the system.

Father Miguel Hidalgo, a champion of Mestizos, Indians, and slaves, was that spark. When he issued his Cry of Delores on September 16, 1810, he was calling for social justice and equality, and independence from Spain.It kicked off an 11 year struggle for independence from Spain.

Cause

Effect

Father Miguel Hidalgo, a champion of Mestizos, Indians, and slaves, was that spark. When he issued his Cry of Delores on September 16, 1810, he was calling for social justice and equality, and independence from Spain.It kicked off an 11 year struggle for independence from Spain.

Miguel Hidalgo's revolution quickly spread with mobs of mestizos and Indians looting and killing large numbers of peninsulares and criollos. However, after several early victories, Hidalgo’s army was defeated by royalist forces on January 17, 1811. Hidalgo was shot and beheaded onAugust 1, 1811.

Cause

Effect

Hidalgo may be dead and his head on a stick, but his movement for social justice and equality wasn't dead.Other people belived like he did, that people shouldn't be treated as less than human because of their ancestry.

After Hidalgo's execution, his protege, Gutierrez de Lara, promised to continue the fight. He travelled to the USA to get support. In August of 1812, he invaded Texas with 130 men under the name of the Gutierrez-Magee expedition.They called themselved the Republican Army of the North, and captured the cities of Nacadoches and La Bahia.

Cause

Effect

The Republican Army of the North captured Nacadoches and La Bahia. After their successes, they moved on to conquer San Antonio.

To fight back against the Republican Army of the North, Spain sent General Joaquín de Arredondo to defeat the rebels. He instituted martial law and brutally killed anyone he thought was a rebel.

Filibusters

While Miguel Hidalgo and and Gutiererez de Lara were fighting for social equality, others were fighting to make Spanish Texas a part of the United States.These filibusters were acting without official approval of the United States government. However, they were oftentimes acting under secret orders of US agents.

A mixed race person where one parent is a Peninsulare/Criollo and the other parent is a Native American.They were 3rd on the social ladder because of where they were born (New Spain/Mexico) and their ancestry (part European and part Native American)

A person captured in Africa and brought to New Spain (Mexico) as a slave.They were at the bottom of the social ladder because of where they were born (Africa) and their ancestry (100% African, 0% European).

Spaniards born in Spain who have moved to New Spain (Mexico).They were at the top of the social ladder because of where they were born (Spain) and their ancestry (100% European).

Spaniards born in New Spain (Mexico) to Peninsulares.They were 2nd on the social ladder because of where they were born (New Spain/Mexico) and their ancestry (100% European).

Someone who's ancestry is native to New Spain (Mexico).Possibly a descendent of the Aztecs.They were 4th on the social ladder because of where they were born (New Spain/Mexico) and their ancestry (100% Native American, 0% European).

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