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GENERATIVE
SEMANTICS AND STyLiSTICS
September 4th, 2023
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Transcript

September 4th, 2023

GENERATIVESEMANTICS AND STyLiSTICS

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1. About

GENERATIVE SEMANTICS

- Semantics: theory of meaning and its related phenomena regarding to languages- Theory based on Generative Grammar: syntax and grammar are related to semantics in order to create meaning- Purpose: Study their interrelation to identify the meaning in sentences

2. Elements of Generative Semantics

ELEMENTS

Sentences consists of two elements: Physical Structure and Communicative Function

- Physical structure = Surface Structure:Syntax (Combination and order of the words) and phonology (sound of words)- Communicative function = Deep Structure:Meaning (Semantics)

3. Theory

When constructing sentences, there is no limit to the potential number of sentences

Combination of structure and meaning = It does not exist a finite list of possible sentencesYou can create an infinite number of sentences with all the words and rules of a languageIt does not mean that all combinations are correct or valid due to restrictions of a language*Meaning can be modified while keeping the same structure using the same words

THEORY

The hunter trapped a wounded bear

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The wounded hunter trapped a bear

The hunter wounded a trapped bear

The wounded bear trapped a hunter

The bear wounded a trapped hunter

X The hunter a wounded bear trapped

3. Theory

In other instances, we can keep the same structure using different words.Of course, this will change the meaning of the sentences.

The cat sat on the mat

The boy stood on the desk

The girl stepped on the floor

4. Transformation

To create meaning, we need the correlation between linguistic elements

Correlation between phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.Addition of complex information = (prepositions, connectors), depending on the grammar structureIf the complex information is removed = Changes to the surface sentenceThus, we can convey the same meaning with the same words, but different structure

TRANSFORMATION

Mary gave some notebooks to him

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My mother baked a cake for me

Mary gave him some notebooks

My mother baked me a cake

Transformation = Change the surface structure (grammar) while keeping the deep structure (meaning)

4. Paraphrase

We can modify part of the information and the sentence will keep the same meaning1 ) In the Wild West, heroes would always kill their opponents in a gunfight in the morning. 2) In the Old Western, the heroes would always cause their opponents to die in a duel at dawn

PARAPHRASE

Wild West = Old Western

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Kill = Cause to die

Gunfight = Duel

Morning = Dawn

Passive voice is quite prevalent in these cases, too.

5.Exceptions

But don't be tricked:Although the theory proposes expressing the same meaning with different words, sometimes it's not the case.

Mary sold the book to John

John bought the book from Mary

Not only the surface structure changes, the deep structure cannot express the same meaning

6. Examples

  • That tall woman bought that beautiful wardrobe
  • The man cleaned the dirty dog
  • The sad boy was cheered by his classmates
  • The worried mother got angry, the ashamed father got mad

changING the DEEP STRUCTURE

  • That beautiful woman bought that tall wardrobe
  • The dog dirtied the clean man- The dirty man cleaned the dog
  • The cheerful boy was saddened by his classmates- The classmates were cheered by the sad boy
  • The angry mother got worried, the mad father got ashamed- The angry mother got mad, the worried father got ashamed

=

ExAMPLES

6. Examples

  • My head, it hurts so much. I need to take a medicine...
  • This computer is an antique, nobody is going to purchase that!
  • What a shaggy dog! Can I keep it?
  • He says he's a charming prince... I don't buy it.

keepING the deep structure

  • My head hurts a lot. I have to take a pill...
  • This computer is so old that no one is going to buy it!
  • This dog is so furry! Can I take it home?
  • He says he's a heartbreaker... I don't believe it.

=

ExAMPLES

Generative Semantics and Translation

GENERATIVE SEMANTICS AND TRANSLATION

ANALYZE THE SOURCE LANGUAGE

ANALYZE THE TARGET LANGUAGE

IDENTIFYING THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

How can we apply it to translation?

7. Summary

It's no longer supported

It has its flaws in comparison to other theories

Translation methods support better other theories

+Info

It can be used as a tool, but it's not a full recomendation

The complexity of the language and its study in relation to translation needs more research

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  1. You can change the grammar without affecting the meaning
  2. But, you can change the lexicon (and grammar) to change the meaning
  3. You can express the same meaning with different words
  4. In translation, you can analyze your choices
  5. It doesn't take into account other elements that involve translation and meaning

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Summary

SURFACE AND DEEP STRUCTURE

Is generative semantics a valid option?

1. About

STyLiSTICS

The stylistic resources are tricks to make the message more expressive while attract the attention of the readerIn translation, it means that the translator needs to identify the resources in the text and transmit them in the target text

2. Resources

RESOURCES

There are many resources that, in this presentation, we'll cover them briefly; TLDR

Phonetical:- Aliteration: Repeating one or more phonemes to highlight the idea or recreate sound effects * Used very often in poems and lyrics- Onomatopoeia: Representing or imitating the sounds of nature* Kaboom, splash, crack, pow, moo, miaw* Repeting the same consonant over and over:¿O el eco ronco del lejano trueno que en las hondas cavernas retumbó?

2. Resources

- Paronomasia: Using words with approximate phonology, but totally differentEn mi aposento otras veces una guitarra tomo, que como barbero templo y como bárbaro toco.Homeoptoton (Similicadencia):Repeting words with shared phonemes...oro, lloro e imploro, cuando estoy solo y rememoro... Palindrome: Words or sentences that can be read from left to right and viceversaAnita lava la tina

2. Resources

Semantic (Strikes back):- Comparison: Comparing characteristics of nature, objects of living beings to something or someone.I ate like a pork; She ran as fast as a lynx (wind); I slept like a baby (rock); He trains like SamsonMetaphor: Attributing characteristics of nature, objects of living beings to something or someone.Your eyes are windows that transport me to your soulYour lips are wild roses that are awaiting to be kissed softly like dew under the moonlightAllegory: Use of symbolismUna mujer con una balanza en una mano, una espada en la otra y los ojos vendados representa la justiciaThis lawyer, one of the most renowned in her firm law, believes blindly inher clients, using the sword and scale of justice to defend them.

2. Resources

Metonymy: Calling something or someone with another name, but relatedI read Nietzsche, drank a cup of coffee, on a rainy dayI carry my Chanel everywhere (bag)Antithesis: Relating opposing wordsFiery eyes and calm mind (Determination and calmness)Strong heart with a soft soul (Strong-willed and kind)Personification: Giving human attributes to objects or animalsThe windows cry in rivers (raining)Your stone heart finally softened a little

2. Resources

Metonymy: Calling something or someone with another name, but relatedI read Nietzsche, drank a cup of coffee, on a rainy dayI carry my Chanel everywhere (bag)Antithesis: Relating opposing wordsFiery eyes and calm mind (Determination and calmness)Strong heart with a soft soul (Strong-willed and kind)Personification: Giving human attributes to objects or animalsThe windows cry in rivers (raining)Your stone heart finally softened a little

2. Resources

Apostrophe: Expressing to or making questions to objects or animalsCome on, you dastardly whale! Face me!Will the earth claim my soul after I perish?Hyperbole: Exaggerating the characteristics of something or someoneHe yelled as if he were shot, but he only got a scratchThe teacher spoke hours and hours, until I got boredWordplay/Juego de palabras (Double entendre/Doble sentido/Albures)

2. Resources

Other resources:Morphological: Enumeration, epithetSyntactic: Hyperbaton (changing the order of words), anaphor, chiasmus, asyndeton, polysyndeton, paralellism, ellipsis

3. Now What?

I'm a translator, now what should I do?These resources will change variably, depending on... You already know!

Linguistic elements we reviewed last class

The possibilities are endless (and not, in translation) = Untranslatibility

Where do we use them? Poetry, films, comics, books, series, cartoons and anime, media (news, newspaper, magazines, blogs)

How do I learn them all? You can't!

Generative Semantics and Translation

4. Summary

A dictionary

Don't forget: If they ask you, It depends on the context!

An encyclopedia:

+Info

like Google translator

We don't work for free!

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  1. A researcher (there's more than Google, ya know?)
  2. Specialized (As our course)
  3. A student
  4. Open-minded

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TRANSLATOR

THE TRANSLATOR HAS TO BE

THE TRANSLATOR IS NOT:

Too much knowledge, can't remember!

We aren't machines! (Aren't we?!)

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