GENERATIVE SEMANTICS AND STYLISTICS
Adrián Ruíz
Created on September 1, 2023
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Transcript
September 4th, 2023
GENERATIVESEMANTICS AND STyLiSTICS
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1. About
GENERATIVE SEMANTICS
- Semantics: theory of meaning and its related phenomena regarding to languages- Theory based on Generative Grammar: syntax and grammar are related to semantics in order to create meaning- Purpose: Study their interrelation to identify the meaning in sentences
2. Elements of Generative Semantics
ELEMENTS
Sentences consists of two elements: Physical Structure and Communicative Function
- Physical structure = Surface Structure:Syntax (Combination and order of the words) and phonology (sound of words)- Communicative function = Deep Structure:Meaning (Semantics)
3. Theory
When constructing sentences, there is no limit to the potential number of sentences
Combination of structure and meaning = It does not exist a finite list of possible sentencesYou can create an infinite number of sentences with all the words and rules of a languageIt does not mean that all combinations are correct or valid due to restrictions of a language*Meaning can be modified while keeping the same structure using the same words
THEORY
The hunter trapped a wounded bear
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The wounded hunter trapped a bear
The hunter wounded a trapped bear
The wounded bear trapped a hunter
The bear wounded a trapped hunter
X The hunter a wounded bear trapped
3. Theory
In other instances, we can keep the same structure using different words.Of course, this will change the meaning of the sentences.
The cat sat on the mat
The boy stood on the desk
The girl stepped on the floor
4. Transformation
To create meaning, we need the correlation between linguistic elements
Correlation between phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.Addition of complex information = (prepositions, connectors), depending on the grammar structureIf the complex information is removed = Changes to the surface sentenceThus, we can convey the same meaning with the same words, but different structure
TRANSFORMATION
Mary gave some notebooks to him
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My mother baked a cake for me
Mary gave him some notebooks
My mother baked me a cake
Transformation = Change the surface structure (grammar) while keeping the deep structure (meaning)
4. Paraphrase
We can modify part of the information and the sentence will keep the same meaning1 ) In the Wild West, heroes would always kill their opponents in a gunfight in the morning. 2) In the Old Western, the heroes would always cause their opponents to die in a duel at dawn
PARAPHRASE
Wild West = Old Western
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Kill = Cause to die
Gunfight = Duel
Morning = Dawn
Passive voice is quite prevalent in these cases, too.
5.Exceptions
But don't be tricked:Although the theory proposes expressing the same meaning with different words, sometimes it's not the case.
Mary sold the book to John
John bought the book from Mary
Not only the surface structure changes, the deep structure cannot express the same meaning
6. Examples
- That tall woman bought that beautiful wardrobe
- The man cleaned the dirty dog
- The sad boy was cheered by his classmates
- The worried mother got angry, the ashamed father got mad
changING the DEEP STRUCTURE
- That beautiful woman bought that tall wardrobe
- The dog dirtied the clean man- The dirty man cleaned the dog
- The cheerful boy was saddened by his classmates- The classmates were cheered by the sad boy
- The angry mother got worried, the mad father got ashamed- The angry mother got mad, the worried father got ashamed
=
ExAMPLES
6. Examples
- My head, it hurts so much. I need to take a medicine...
- This computer is an antique, nobody is going to purchase that!
- What a shaggy dog! Can I keep it?
- He says he's a charming prince... I don't buy it.
keepING the deep structure
- My head hurts a lot. I have to take a pill...
- This computer is so old that no one is going to buy it!
- This dog is so furry! Can I take it home?
- He says he's a heartbreaker... I don't believe it.
=
ExAMPLES
Generative Semantics and Translation
GENERATIVE SEMANTICS AND TRANSLATION
ANALYZE THE SOURCE LANGUAGE
ANALYZE THE TARGET LANGUAGE
IDENTIFYING THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
How can we apply it to translation?
7. Summary
It's no longer supported
It has its flaws in comparison to other theories
Translation methods support better other theories
+Info
It can be used as a tool, but it's not a full recomendation
The complexity of the language and its study in relation to translation needs more research
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- You can change the grammar without affecting the meaning
- But, you can change the lexicon (and grammar) to change the meaning
- You can express the same meaning with different words
- In translation, you can analyze your choices
- It doesn't take into account other elements that involve translation and meaning
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Summary
SURFACE AND DEEP STRUCTURE
Is generative semantics a valid option?
1. About
STyLiSTICS
The stylistic resources are tricks to make the message more expressive while attract the attention of the readerIn translation, it means that the translator needs to identify the resources in the text and transmit them in the target text
2. Resources
RESOURCES
There are many resources that, in this presentation, we'll cover them briefly; TLDR
Phonetical:- Aliteration: Repeating one or more phonemes to highlight the idea or recreate sound effects * Used very often in poems and lyrics- Onomatopoeia: Representing or imitating the sounds of nature* Kaboom, splash, crack, pow, moo, miaw* Repeting the same consonant over and over:¿O el eco ronco del lejano trueno que en las hondas cavernas retumbó?
2. Resources
- Paronomasia: Using words with approximate phonology, but totally differentEn mi aposento otras veces una guitarra tomo, que como barbero templo y como bárbaro toco.Homeoptoton (Similicadencia):Repeting words with shared phonemes...oro, lloro e imploro, cuando estoy solo y rememoro... Palindrome: Words or sentences that can be read from left to right and viceversaAnita lava la tina
2. Resources
Semantic (Strikes back):- Comparison: Comparing characteristics of nature, objects of living beings to something or someone.I ate like a pork; She ran as fast as a lynx (wind); I slept like a baby (rock); He trains like SamsonMetaphor: Attributing characteristics of nature, objects of living beings to something or someone.Your eyes are windows that transport me to your soulYour lips are wild roses that are awaiting to be kissed softly like dew under the moonlightAllegory: Use of symbolismUna mujer con una balanza en una mano, una espada en la otra y los ojos vendados representa la justiciaThis lawyer, one of the most renowned in her firm law, believes blindly inher clients, using the sword and scale of justice to defend them.
2. Resources
Metonymy: Calling something or someone with another name, but relatedI read Nietzsche, drank a cup of coffee, on a rainy dayI carry my Chanel everywhere (bag)Antithesis: Relating opposing wordsFiery eyes and calm mind (Determination and calmness)Strong heart with a soft soul (Strong-willed and kind)Personification: Giving human attributes to objects or animalsThe windows cry in rivers (raining)Your stone heart finally softened a little
2. Resources
Metonymy: Calling something or someone with another name, but relatedI read Nietzsche, drank a cup of coffee, on a rainy dayI carry my Chanel everywhere (bag)Antithesis: Relating opposing wordsFiery eyes and calm mind (Determination and calmness)Strong heart with a soft soul (Strong-willed and kind)Personification: Giving human attributes to objects or animalsThe windows cry in rivers (raining)Your stone heart finally softened a little
2. Resources
Apostrophe: Expressing to or making questions to objects or animalsCome on, you dastardly whale! Face me!Will the earth claim my soul after I perish?Hyperbole: Exaggerating the characteristics of something or someoneHe yelled as if he were shot, but he only got a scratchThe teacher spoke hours and hours, until I got boredWordplay/Juego de palabras (Double entendre/Doble sentido/Albures)
2. Resources
Other resources:Morphological: Enumeration, epithetSyntactic: Hyperbaton (changing the order of words), anaphor, chiasmus, asyndeton, polysyndeton, paralellism, ellipsis
3. Now What?
I'm a translator, now what should I do?These resources will change variably, depending on... You already know!
Linguistic elements we reviewed last class
The possibilities are endless (and not, in translation) = Untranslatibility
Where do we use them? Poetry, films, comics, books, series, cartoons and anime, media (news, newspaper, magazines, blogs)
How do I learn them all? You can't!
Generative Semantics and Translation
4. Summary
A dictionary
Don't forget: If they ask you, It depends on the context!
An encyclopedia:
+Info
like Google translator
We don't work for free!
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- A researcher (there's more than Google, ya know?)
- Specialized (As our course)
- A student
- Open-minded
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TRANSLATOR
THE TRANSLATOR HAS TO BE
THE TRANSLATOR IS NOT:
Too much knowledge, can't remember!
We aren't machines! (Aren't we?!)
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