The micro-and macro skills

Macro skills

They imply the speaker's focus on the larger elements: fluency, discourse, function, style, cohesion, nonverbal communication, and strategic options.

Micro skills

They refer to producing the smaller chunks of language such as phonemes, morphemes, words, collocations, and phrasal units.

6. Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.7. Monitor one's own oral production and use various strategic devices pauses, fillers, self-corrections, backtracking-to enhance the clarity of the message.8. Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization), word order, patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.9. Produce speech in natural constituents: in appropriate phrases, pause groups, breath groups, and sentence constituents.10. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms.11. Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.

The micro skills

1. Produce differences among English phonemes and allophonic variants.
2. Produce chunks of language of different lengths.
3. Produce English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure, and intonation contours.
4. Produce reduced forms of words and phrases.
5. Use an adequate number of lexical units (words) to accomplish pragmatic purposes.

12. Appropriately accomplish communicative functions according to situations, participants, and goals. 13. Use appropriate styles, registers, implicature, redundancies, pragmatic conventions, conversation rules, floor-keeping and -yielding, interrupting, and other sociolinguistic features in face-to-face conversations. 14. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as focal and peripheral ideas, events and feelings, new information and given information, generalization and exemplification. 15. Convey facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along with verbal language. 16. Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing key words, rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is understanding you.

The macro skills