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Created by Marcia King
  • Occured between 298.9 to 251.9 MYA. 
  •  It was in the Paleozoic Era, within the Phanerozoic Eon. 
Permian Period
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Permian Period

  • Occured between 298.9 to 251.9 MYA.
  • It was in the Paleozoic Era, within the Phanerozoic Eon.

Created by Marcia King

The major event during the Permian Period was the Permian Extinction. It is believed to be the largest mass extinction in Earth's history which occurred at the end of the period. There were drastic changes in the climate which caused the sea level to lower. It became so shallow that marine habitats were destroyed, however the terrestrial habitats did not. Large quantities of organic deposits from shallow water organisms started being exposed to the atmosphere. Oxidation produced CO2 which trapped heat near the surface. During this time one of the largest volcanic eruptions also occurred, which would have released CO2 & SO2. All the greenhouse gasses would have affected the climate and killed off many species on land. The sea level would eventually rise and fall multiple times over the period. Although several species died off, some only suffered heavy losses, while others thrived, such as reptiles.

Animals of the Permian Period

Swimming Nautiluses

  • During the Permian Period the climate changed drastically. The temperature continued to rise throughout the period. By the end, the climate was so dry and hot that many marine life died.
  • The atmosphere was approximately 30% oxygen, however by the end of the period carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide which caused the great extinction.

  • During this time period there were insects, amphibians, therapsids present.
  • There were also: blastoids, tabulate corals, trilobites, large amoebas, crinoids, brachiolopods, gastropods, cephalopods, dinocephalians, mesosaurus to name a few.
  • Ferns and lycophytes were present on land.

  • Permian rocks are found on all present day continents.
  • The Earth's crustal plates formed a single, massive continent called Pangaea.
  • Many Permian fossils have been found in the Karoo Desert.
  • Forests flourished due to the swampy environment, until the end of the Permian Period where drought like conditions emerged.
  • Pangaea became the biggest desert due to the dry-out and heat-up from the Permian Extinction event.
  • Greenhouse events drastically transformed the climate.
  • 95% of all species, including 70% of all and species died during the extinction. Many species completed died out, some only suffered heavy losses, while others thrived.

References “Geological Time Periods in the Paleozic Era-Permian Period.” U.S. National Park Service, 28 April 2023. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/permian-period.htm#:~:text=The%20large%20sea%2Dlevel%20drop,place%20for%20many%20life%2Dforms. Accessed 15 June 2023. Benton, Michael J., and Richard J. Twitchett. “How to Kill (almost) All Life: The End-Permian Extinction Event.” Trends in ecology & evolution (Amsterdam) 18.7 (2003): 358–365. Ross, June R.P. and Ross, Charles A.. "Permian Period". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period. Accessed 15 June 2023.