L3EN-Guide méthodo-Amélioration des processus projet pour l'adaptation

FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN PROJECT PROCESSES

METHODOLOGICAL GUIDE

Climate adaptation project cycle

DEFINITION OF THE CPP

DISTRIBUTION OF THE CPP

PROJECT SELECTION

CAPITALIZATION OF PROJECTS AND DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

PROJECT MONITORING

ACCOMPANIMENT OF PROJECT LEADERS

The adaptation project focuses on reducing vulnerabilities to climate change.

• Define the concepts (Agroecology, Climate Smart Agriculture, Adaptation, Mitigation, Innovation). • Clarify adaptation expectations with examples. • Integrate a methodological support document.

o Conduct a communication campaign via social networks and identified distribution networks. o Establish a process management committee. o Accompany applicants by offering webinars on climate issues o Make funding expectations clear

o Consider geographic balance and levels of adaptation. o Establish a list of eligible practices. o Define selection criteria that focus on adaptation.

o Be part of a transversal and regional capitalization plan. o Establish partnerships with researchers. o Draw up a dissemination plan.

o Conduct a baseline study of indicators. o Too many indicators kill evaluation: select the most relevant ones. o Conduct a final evaluation.

Accompany the holders in monitoring and evaluation, capitalization and climate issues.
Conduct an initial climate context analysis

In West Africa, climate change is already a reality that is making it increasingly difficult to maintain subsistence farming communities and nutritional security. In the future, climate change in the region will result in an increase in the average temperature in all the countries of the zone, a greater variability in rainfall patterns, while West African agriculture, which is often rain-fed, is particularly sensitive to this, with a risk of a late start and early end to the rainy season. By 2050, all of these factors will contribute to a disruption of crop cycles, a decrease in productivity and yields for most crops, particularly for staple foods (millet, sorghum, maize, rice, cowpeas) but also for export crops (cocoa beans). Livestock breeding and transhumance are and will be impacted in the future by more intense and frequent droughts, with increasingly early transhumant movements, and conflicts in the host areas over access to resources and land. Regional institutional action to meet these challenges To cope with these increasingly severe conditions, adaptation of agricultural practices and models is and will be necessary to ensure the livelihood of farmers and regional food security. Since 2005, the ECOWAS Heads of State have entrusted the Regional Agency for Agriculture and Food (RAAF) with the implementation of the regional agricultural policy, ECOWAP. This policy aims to contribute in a sustainable manner to meeting the food needs of the population, to economic and social development and to poverty reduction in the States, by supporting modern and sustainable agriculture. ECOWAS is progressively integrating the climate dimension into its priorities, and in 2022 formulated its first Regional Climate Strategy (RCS). The objective of this strategy is to support member states in meeting the challenge of combating climate change. ECOWAP and the RCS place a strong emphasis on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) and agro-ecology (AE) in response to climate change. On these subjects, ECOWAS also coordinates and supports, with the support of financial partners, through calls for proposals, field projects that are carried out by the public and private sectors, NGOs and farmers' associations/organizations in the region.

For whom?

The capitalization work launched by ECOWAS is aimed in particular at managers of calls for project proposals, technical and financial partners, and decision-makers in the region.

Why?

By analyzing good practices for the creation, launch and dissemination of calls for project proposals, and by highlighting the lessons learned from the selection and support of project leaders, this guide aims to improve the integration of adaptation to climate change at all stages of the project cycle.

How to build a call for project proposals that allows for effective consideration of adaptation to climate change?

Developguidelines for the call for PP

Definitionof project expectations

Dissemination of the CPP

Evaluation of submitted projects

Accompanyingproject leadersthroughout the process

TO CONCLUDE

The GCCA+ West Africa (GCCA+ WA) project participates in the West African regional action around the Paris Climate Agreement. Funded by the European Union and implemented by Expertise France, under the political and institutional leadership of ECOWAS, and with the technical partnership of CILSS, this regional project involves capacity building activities for ECOWAS, regional partner institutions and its Member States (+Chad and Mauritania), as well as support for the emergence of innovative field solutions to strengthen the climate resilience of agricultural and rural actors. It is in this context that two (02) calls for project proposals "Innovations for smart family farming in the face of climate change in West Africa - GCCA+ WA" were launched in 2019 and 2020. Fifteen pilot projects led by civil society organizations were selected for an average amount of 220,000 Euros ex tax, then implemented up until the end of 2022

WHAT IS A CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROJECT?

THE PLACE OF ADAPTATION SEMANTICS IN A CALL FOR PROJECTS ON AGRICULTURE?

The call for projects calls for multiple concepts such as "adaptation", "maladaptation", "resilience" but also "agroecology", "climate smart agriculture". This can make reading the call complex for potential project leaders who are less familiar with these concepts. For the project leaders with the most experience in adapting to climate change, the lack of a definition of the concepts and more precise expectations did not pose any particular problems. On the other hand, for other project leaders who are less familiar with these concepts, the link between the practices tested and the climate issues remains implicit or absent and their understanding of the climate issue remains limited.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A "CLASSIC" DEVELOPMENT PROJECT AND AN ADAPTATION PROJECT?

GLOSSARY

Develop the guidelines for the call for project proposals

COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF KEY CONCEPTS Climate-smart agriculture Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach developed around the 2010s by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) that identifies measures needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support agricultural development and ensure food security in the face of climate change (FAO, 2010). Climate smart agriculture aims to address three main objectives:

Sustainable increase in agricultural productivity and income (food security);
Adaptation and building resilience to climate change impacts (adaptation);
The reduction and/or elimination of greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation).

CSA is a means of identifying the production systems, institutions and policies that are best suited to meet the challenges of climate change under specific conditions. At the same time, CSA aims to increase productivity and/or income (FAO, 2010). The challenge is to accompany a sustainable CSA. In this regard, ECOWAS, through the results of capitalization of the CSA and AE projects it has supported, recommends strengthening the CSA approach with a territorial approach, focused on the empowerment of producers and the sustainable management of natural resources, including biodiversity, to ensure the long-term success of the projects. Adaptation to climate change "The process of adjusting to the current or expected climate and its consequences. For human systems, this means mitigating adverse effects and exploiting beneficial effects. For natural systems, human intervention can facilitate adaptation to the expected climate as well as its consequences." (Source: IPCC AR6, WG2, Glossary, 2022) Resilience The ability of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with an event, trend, or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential functions, identity, and structure while also maintaining the capacity to adapt, learn, and transform. (Source: IPCC AR6, WG2, Glossary, 2022) Agroecology Agroecology [AE] aims to reduce the use of inputs, chemical fertilizers and plant protection products, relying on a strong integration of the different components of agricultural production to take advantage of natural cycles and regulations" (Schutter, 2021). For the FAO, AE is a dynamic and interdisciplinary approach to agri-food systems that includes all stages, from production to consumption. ECOWAS, through the capitalization results of the CSA and AE projects it has supported, recommends that climate considerations be taken into account in the AE approach. Vulnerabilities "The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements such as sensitivity and lack of ability to cope and adapt." (Source: IPCC AR6, WG2, Glossary, 2022 Maladaptation "Actions that may lead to an increased risk of adverse climate-related consequences, including increased GHG emissions, increased vulnerability to climate change or decreased well-being, now or in the future. Maladjustment is usually an unintended consequence." (Source: IPCC AR6, WG2, Glossary, 2022

What is a climate change adaptation project?

ADAPTATION

Aims to work on the consequences of climate change in order to reduce them. Adapting current practices or developing innovations

ANTICIPATION

MITIGATION

The Paris Agreement is a treaty signed by 196 countries: its objective is to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. It is based on national climate action plans.

It is now recognized that the effects of climate change represent an immediate threat to human societies, their agriculture, their economic activities and biodiversity. It is therefore necessary to respond to or anticipate their consequences in order to mitigate or avoid their negative impacts and exploit their positive effects.

What is a climate change adaptation project?

ADAPTATION

Aims to work on the consequences of climate change in order to reduce them. Adapting current practices or developing innovations

ANTICIPATION

MITIGATION

Aims to work on the causes and thus work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The objective is to keep the rise in global temperature well below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels, while continuing the effort to limit this rise to 1.5°C (according to the Paris Agreement). The Paris Agreement is a treaty signed by 196 countries: its objective is to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. It is based on national climate action plans.

By 2050, an overall reduction in average yields is expected of 12%, 16%, 20% and 25% respectively for millet, sorghum, maize and rice in West Africa.By 2030, climate change could reduce groundnut yields by 11-25% and cowpea yields by 30% in some subregions of the Sahelian and Sudanian zone. Cocoa bean production will also be greatly reduced by 2050.

What is the difference between a ”classic” development project and an adaptation project?

DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Focus on reducing socio-economic vulnerabilities.

There is little clear distinction between development actions and climate change adaptation actions. Many adaptation measures include a "development" component, either implicitly or explicitly. Similarly, development actions may include climate change adaptation actions without explicit reference to them (for example, a drip irrigation project in an area where the resource is likely to diminish over time).

Climate change has different effects on different territories, areas, gender, etc. Vulnerability is the degree to which a system (or society, territory) is likely to be affected or negatively affected by the adverse effects of climate change. The main difference justifying the need to integrate adaptation into a project lies in taking into account the uncertainty of current and future climate change. This means considering the current consequences and potential future impacts of climate change on a given system (territory, ecosystem, population, etc.). Adaptation actions take into account the fact that they are deployed in an unstabilized and uncertain climate context. This requires flexibility in implementation and regular monitoring of climate change and its consequences on the targeted system. With a view to "reconciling" the two categories, the Adaptation Working Group in charge of drafting the second part of the IPCC's 6th report has developed the concept of "Climate Resilient Development". The latter "combines climate change adaptation strategies with actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to support sustainable development for all". This terminology is similar to that of sustainable development but specifically integrates climate constraints through the mitigation and adaptation levers. Several parameters impact and weaken agricultural production. A project of adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector will thus aim more specifically at adjusting agricultural practices (soil management, water management, technical itineraries, etc.), transforming crop systems if necessary and thus limiting the impacts on agricultural income.

adaptation PROJECT

Focus on reducing climate vulnerabilities.

Les changements climatiques ont des effets différents selon les territoires, les zones, le genre, etc. La vulnérabilité est le degré par lequel un système (ou une société, un territoire) risque de subir ou d’être affecté négativement par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques. La grande différence réside dans la prise en compte de l’incertitude des évolutions climatiques à venir. Les actions d’adaptation prennent acte du fait qu’elles se déploient dans un contexte climatique non stabilisé et particulièrement incertain. Cela nécessite une flexibilité et un suivi des évolutions climatiques. Dans la perspective de « réconcilier » les deux catégories, le groupe de travail Adaptation en charge de la rédaction de la seconde partie du 6e rapport du GIEC a développé le concept de « Climate Resilient Development ». Ce dernier « combine des stratégies d’adaptation aux changements climatiques avec des actions de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour soutenir le développement durable pour tous ». Cette terminologie s’apparente à celle du développement durable mais en intégrant, spécifiquement, les contraintes climatiques à travers les leviers atténuation & adaptation. Cela permet d’agir sur les deux leviers que sont l’atténuation & l’adaptation et de se prémunir en partie du risque de maladaptation.

The place of adaptation semantics in a call for projects on agriculture?

Consider differences in understanding

GOODPRACTICES

...

L’appel à projets fait appel à de multiples concepts tels que « adaptation », « mal-adaptation », « résilience » mais aussi« agro-écologie », « AIC ». Cela peut rendre la lecture de l’appel complexe pour les potentiels porteurs de projet les moins familiers avec ces notions. Pour les porteurs de projet les plus expérimentés en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique, l’absence de définition des notions et d’attendus plus précis n’a pas posé de problèmes particuliers Ils se sont aisément inscrits dans l’appel à projets. En revanche, pour d’autres porteurs de projet moins familiers avec ces notions, le lien entre les pratiques expérimentées avec les enjeux climat reste implicite ou absent et leur appréhension de cet enjeu climat reste limitée.

Define climate change adaptation in a simple and concrete way. While there are debates between CSA and AE, it is important to define the resulting practices and their expected impacts.
To further clarify the purpose of the CPP by drawing on a theory of change. This allows us to clarify whether the actions supported by the CPP aim rather at adapting existing techniques, or whether a transformational impact on agriculture should be sought.
In order to address a target audience that does not fully understand the issues of change, illustrate adaptation more concretely, beyond the definition. For example, through a taxonomy of types of actions and practices that can be financed:
- Integrated holistic practices related to the landscape approach;
- Integrated crop-livestock production systems;
- Agroforestry practices;
- Conservation Agriculture;
- Intensive rice growing system;
- Pasture and Manure Management;
- Sustainable forest management in conjunction with the communities;
- Seed breeding for increased resistance to climate change;
- Restoration of peatlands and degraded lands;
- Grassland, rangeland and forage crop management;
- Smart Water Resource Management;
- Early warning systems on food security and natural resource management ;
- Early warning and coordination system for climate hazards (especially droughts);
- Etc.

BE IN LINE WITH NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICY DOCUMENTS

DEFINE THE ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES

REQUESTING SPECIFIC INTEGRATION OF ADAPTATION INTO THE LOGICAL FRAMEWORKS

Ensure that actions are consistent with the adaptation framework

Definition of expectations for projects

TARGETING PROJECT LEADERS

Be in line with national and regional policy documents

GOODPRACTICES

Within the framework of a regional CPP led by ECOWAS, crossing agriculture and climate, it is essential to include the main objectives of existing strategies which are - ECOWAP, the regional agricultural policy of ECOWAS, has a strategic orientation framework for 2025. - The Regional Climate Strategy (RCS).

The CPPs should also recall the existence and objectives of the national documents of each of the member countries of the ECOWAS-CILSS space in terms of the fight against climate change through mitigation and adaptation.

Project leaders should be explicitly asked to provide information on the contribution of the actions undertaken in the context of the climate change adaptation projects supported to the achievement of the objectives of these national guidance documents.

It is necessary, as soon as the expectations of project leaders are defined, to emphasize the importance of the prospects of replicability and scaling up of the actions supported.
Part of the funding granted must be dedicated to capitalization actions aiming at estimating & evaluating the feasibility of scaling up as part of a broader contribution to national & regional climate change adaptation strategies.
Within the framework of the CSA/AE, priority must be given to actions lasting at least 4 to 5 years to ensure the sustainability of the change in practices

Requesting specific integration of adaptation into the logical frameworg

In the case of a CPP specifically dedicated to adaptation

It is important to ensure that projects submitted explicitly integrate adaptation across all components of the logical framework In concrete terms, this must involve an explicit request that the objectives (general and specific) pursued by the projects contribute to strengthening the adaptive capacities of populations and/or seek to reduce their vulnerability to the consequences of current and future climate change. In terms of formulation of outcomes, the CPP should include specific expectations for adaptation of target populations, resulting in proposals such as:

Maintaining or improving crop yields for [target populations for the action] in a context of water stress/rainfall scarcity;
Increased resilience of [target populations of the action] in [a given territory] measured on the basis of predefined indicators;
Strengthening the absorptive capacity of [target populations] against climatic hazards (drought, floods, other);
Reducing the underlying vulnerabilities of [target populations for action].

In the case of a CPP not specifically dedicated to adaptation but with an integrated adaptation sub-objective

Ask project leaders to explain the transversal contribution of the project and its activities to climate change adaptation through dedicated monitoring and evaluation actions
Request the formulation of one or more specific objectives related to climate change adaptation from which expected results similar to those presented in the previous subsection will be derived.

Define the eligible activities

VULNERABILITY ANALYSES

CRITERIA

Once the framework has been established, it is necessary to define eligibility criteria for the activities that will be supported in the framework of the CPPs. This can be done through a list of inclusive and/or exclusive criteria or through the construction of an eligibility taxonomy.

CRITERIA

Inclusion Criteria

The proposed project builds on existing practices and improves them in light of the ongoing and expected consequences of climate change
The proposed project contains a diagnosis of the climate vulnerabilities and resilience factors of the populations co-constructed with the populations;
The proposed project is in line with the priorities of the regional or national strategic documents in the fight against climate change (CDN, PNA, ECOWAS SRC, ECOWAP etc.);
The proposed project contains actions based on access to reliable climate information that is as localized as possible with respect to the capacities present in the territory;
The proposed project demonstrates a capacity to reduce GHG emissions;
The project strengthens the capacities and autonomy of local populations in their short, medium and long term adaptation to climate change.

ExclusionCriteria

The proposed project contains actions related to the use of Genetically Modified Organisms
The proposed project is based on a state-of-the-art technology that does not exist locally and is inaccessible to local populations
The project may result in an adverse impact on the ecosystem or human health.

Other less important criteria

An important place can be reserved for the innovative nature of eligible actions. The definition of this level of "innovation" is at the discretion of the drafters of the CPPs, but it should be specified in the guidelines in order to ensure that potential project leaders understand it properly. Geographical criteria can also be used to define eligible activities. Such representativeness criteria have the advantage of working with different national contexts, but do not necessarily put into perspective the levels of maturity and consideration of adaptation to climate change by national actors in these different contexts.

Vulnerability diagnoses and analysis of climate risks

In order to respond effectively to the current and expected consequences of climate disruption, it is necessary to characterize them in the territories and within the target populations of the CPPs. To this end, vulnerability diagnoses and climate risk analyses can be financed and conducted before or at the start of the project cycle. Their objectives are multiple:

Characterize the livelihoods of the target populations of the projects supported under the CPPs;
Analyze past climate changes (long term trends, frequency & intensity of extreme events, etc.) in the targeted intervention areas;
Identify the consequences of these changes on populations and the strategies implemented to deal with them, in relation to the themes covered by the CPPs;
Conduct a prospective analysis of expected climate changes in the targeted intervention areas (climate projections of long-term trends, possible changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, etc.);
Define the main vulnerabilities of populations to climate risks identified with regard to their livelihoods and the adaptation strategies implemented in the past, based on methodologies that involve the populations in the diagnosis.

VULNERABILITY ANALYSES

Methodological ressources as "methodological support"

These analyses can then be used to define a list of priority actions to be implemented to reduce vulnerabilities. A "methodological support" containing resources available online on adaptation to climate change can accompany the text of the APAs, based on existing bodies of work such as:

CARE, Climate & Résilience Academy
AFD, MOOC on climate essentials
PNUD, General introduction on climate change

Targeting project leaders

GOODPRACICES

The will to favor local structures, anchored in their territory of intervention or rather international solidarity organizations

The choice of targeting national partners can reinforce the operational nature of the actions supported in the framework of the CPPs. In fact, this generally minimizes implementation time compared to international structures that sometimes need more time and organization to initiate field actions.

Knowledge and experience in climate change adaptation

Taking into account climate issues and adapting agricultural practices to them are still new fields of expertise for many solidarity and development actors. Moreover, adaptation is shaking up the ways of working and of deploying projects because it requires working in an unstabilized climate context and taking into account the uncertainties related to climate change. Few actors currently have more appropriate working methodologies.

Emphasis on multi-stakeholder consortia with their own expertise to leverage the benefits of each type of structure

Finally, as part of an effort to capitalize on innovations, fostering partnerships between operational actors and representatives of the local scientific community is a relevant lever for CPPs on adaptation to climate change. These tandems are a key factor in the ambition to document concrete experiments and structure research-action with a view to developing climate-compatible & resilient practices.

Creating webinars prior to or accompanying the submission of applications on climate issues, are a relevant medium (although not sufficient) to highlight what the climate lens changes as compared to the more traditional agricultural CPPs
Support on these climate issues should be provided throughout the deployment of the project (support in deciphering the climate issues in the area of intervention, in deciphering the added value of practices in such a context, support in defining climate indicators for monitoring and evaluation, etc.).

HOW AND WIH WHOM TO RELAY?

SPECIFICALLY LINK THE EXPECTATIONS OF A CPP TO THE REALITIES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION?

Dissemination of the call for project proposals

How and with whom to relay?

GOODPRACTICES

HOW?

The establishment of a Dissemination Process Management Committee that brings together stakeholders is a proven success factor for the successful completion of the dissemination. This committee, which is continuously informed of the evolution of the responses obtained, carries out various tasks such as the orientation of the dissemination methods, the choice of publication methods, the reception and opening of the bids or the verification of compliance with the administrative formalities. In a multilingual area such as West Africa, the challenges of translating key elements of the CPP into English/French/Portuguese are unavoidable. It is necessary to ensure the correct transposition of concepts into all target languages.For example, the literal translation of the word "capitalization" can be confusing for an English-speaking audience for whom the term "capitalization" is not used. It is recommended that dissemination be followed up closely, by making contact with intermediaries upstream and downstream of the dissemination of the CPP. A communication campaign via social networks (LinkedIn, etc.) is also recommended

WITH WHOM?

Examples of complementary networks for dissemination It is recommended to closely follow up on the dissemination, by making contact with intermediaries upstream and downstream of the dissemination of the CPP. A communication campaign via social networks (LinkedIn, etc.) is also recommended. Regional institutional actors: ECOWAS, CILSS, etc. The actors and representatives of the agricultural/rural world and research centers: ROPPA, 3AO, Hub Rural, training center, WASCAL, CORAF Local, regional and international civil society networks: FOSCAO, Climate & Development Network (RC&D), Climate Chance, etc. The Climate and Development network present in West Africa, founded by RAC-France Climate Chance United Cities France Technical and financial partners and their national offices: DUE, AFD, UNDP, World Bank, GIZ, Embassies, etc.

1. A management advisory committee provides ongoing monitoring and adjustment of the dissemination process 2. Dedicate human resources to disseminate on the relevant networks and to mobilize relays to ensure broad coverage. BUT ALSO 3. Expand the places and relays for dissemination: for example, within the framework of GCCA+ WA, the list of relays has been expanded, and requests for relays have been made to the DUEs of the countries covered, embassies, the AFD, ECOWAS national offices, and NGO networks. This step is essential to anchor the dissemination at the national level.

The project development phase is an important step. It represents a comparison between expectations and reality. The new aspect of taking into account adaptation to climate change in agricultural solutions is an unavoidable argument for the need to support project leaders over time.

For webinars

In terms of content, they can be based on theoretical elements and presentations of best practice cases. For example:

Introduction on climate change (based on material published in the RA6 WGI report, including drawing on the Regional Interactive Atlas, available here). At minimum, information should be provided on:

Past and projected trends for temperature and precipitation parameters (average and extreme) at the regional level

The notion of climate variability, to be addressed before projections

Climate change adaptation issues in West Africa (based on the key messages of the RA6 WG2 report, particularly the following chapter on "Project Assessment"). Elements to be detailed:

Overview of the categories of impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector in the region

Examples of adaptation options

Components of adaptation and resilience
Why diagnose vulnerabilities and how to respond?
Designing climate change adaptation actions: some examples from practical case studies
The link with mitigation: the mitigation potential of projects, the carbon footprint of projects: remain realistic in the expectations for the reporting by small projects.

For the practical workshops

I They can be built on the intersection between theoretical content and practical tools for adaptation to climate change. For example: -Introduction on climate change (based on AR6 WG1). -The challenges of adaptation to climate change in West Africa (based on AR6 WG2). -Components of adaptation and resilience. -The diagnosis of vulnerabilities in practice (presentation of existing methodologies and application on a practical case). -Proposal of complementary tools such as adaptation checklist, climate proofing for development, CEDRIG, etc.

Specifically link the expectations of a CPP to the realities of climate change adaptation?

HOW?

Training actions

To do this, specific training actions can be carried out with potential project leaders before the submission of notes to ensure the adequacy of solutions in view of the constraints associated with climate disruption. These training actions can take the form of webinars or face-to-face workshops, depending on the needs and expectations defined beforehand. Thus, if the desire is to cover a widely diverse geography, the theoretical webinar option may be the most relevant. Conversely, if the desire is to "train and equip" future project leaders in the area of climate change adaptation, then multiple practical workshops may be considered.

The evaluation process

THE Evaluation CRITERIA

Evaluation of projects submitted

GOODPRACTICES

The evaluation process relies on the setting up of a dedicated committee. This committee can be made up of evaluators/assessors who are internal to the CPP's stakeholders or external, selected for their expertise and skills in project management, adaptation to climate change or more specifically in relation to the theme being addressed (AE or CSA). A systematic dual evaluation of each proposal received can be a plus to ensure fair treatment of projects and a common understanding of the scores submitted. Whether the committee is made up of internal team members or externally selected experts, establishing a regular channel of exchange is essential to:

3 reasons

Use of external assessors allows for greater objectivity. Assessors should be selected with the following profiles demonstrating a good knowledge of AE, CSA issues.
Clarify the innovation dimensions, put forward proposals for the clarification of climate issues relating to the projects.
Discuss the criteriaand thus provide objective elements for the final selection of the projects.

The evaluation process

1. Ensure a clear understanding of the evaluation criteria and guidelines. 2. Share any difficulties that arise during the evaluation. 3. Harmonize the levels of requirement for each criterion and the evaluations when the differences in ratings for the same project are wide.

Evaluation criteria (rating from 0 to 5)

The proposed action is linked to national and/or regional priorities in the fight against climate change (adaptation / mitigation)

The proposed action contains specific activities that effectively contribute to strengthening the aptability of populations

The proposed action contains specific activities that effectively contribute to the reduction of climate vulnerabilities of populations

The proposed action includes activities to reduce and/or sequester greenhouse gases

The project leader has proven experience in conducting "climate" projects

The proposed action is in line with regional (ECOWAS scale), national or local (territorial scale) climate action priorities

The proposed action is based on a partnership with the local/national research community on climate change

The proposed action contains capacity building activities for internal and external stakeholders on adaptation to climate change

0 = no link 1 = remote or non-explicit link 2 = link exists but is weakly demonstrated 3 = moderately demonstrated link 4 = explicit link but requires some clarification 5 = explicit and relevant link

0 = no activity 1 = activity contributing only marginally or not measurably 2 = activity that contributes little or uncertainly 3 = activity that contributes to some extent but is not the primary objective, or is based on an unproven methodology 4 = contributing activity, but implementation is not sufficiently explained 5 = explicit & measurable activity

0 = aucune activité 1 = activité ne contribuant que marginalement ou de manière non mesurable 2 =activité qui contribue faiblement on de manière incertaine 3 = activité contribuant dans une certaine mesure mais dont ce n’est pas l’objectif principal, ou reposant sur une méthodologie non-éprouvée 4 = activité contribuant mais dont la mise en œuvre n’est pas assez explicitée 5 = activité explicite & mesurable

0 = no mention 1 = Desire for partnership, not detailed 2 = Partners mentioned but not yet involved 3 =A research or policy partner already specifically named 4 = At least one research/policy partner involved in the preparation but collaboration arrangements unclear 5 = Planned multi-stakeholder partnership and detailed steps

0 = no experience 1 =experience only in related field 2= experience in participating in a "climate" project 3 = experience of participation in several "climates 4 = experience in climate project management 5 = >5 climate projects conducted

Explaining these criteria in the text of the CPPs will allow project sponsors to ensure that they submit proposals that are consistent with the issues addressed. The climate-oriented criteria make it possible to question the sustainability of the methods in a context of (non-stabilized) climate change, as well as the climate additionality of the submitted projects.

AT THE LAUNCH OF THE PROJECT

reporting AND capitaliZation

OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION AND FOLLOW-UP

Accompanying project leaders throughout the process

MEASURING ADAPTATION

To date, the projects developed are partly agricultural development projects, making little link between practices and climate change. The challenge of such a call for projects as that of the GCCA+WA is to help project leaders to better put into perspective the climate trends and the assets of their projects.

At the launch of the project

QUESTIONS

At the launch, a study must establish the reference situation from an environmental and social point of view.In concrete terms, the reference situation is translated into a series of indicators.From the perspective of identifying vulnerabilities, the following categories of questions can serve as a guideline.

LINES OF QUESTIONING

INFORMATION SOURCES

at global or regional level

What are the main climatic hazards to which the intervention area is subject? How have they evolved (according to farmers' perception + according to regional projections) and how will they evolve (according to regional or the most refined projections available)?

What are the characteristics of the agro-ecological zone and do they generate particular environmental problems (deforestation, erosion, salinization of the land, etc.)?

IPCC Regional Interactif Atlas

Preferably use local references;

What are the main crops/agricultural activities in the area? Are they susceptible to the climatic hazards mentioned?

Agro-ecological zoning at the regional scale.

FAO GAEZ project, with a mapped Suitability Index

What is the typology of current agricultural practices? What adaptation practices are in place?

What are the socio-economic characteristics of the target population (demographics and labor force availability, health indicators, access to capital and investment capacity, access to ICT)?

What is the structure of farms (size, mechanization, operations and seasonality)?

Questionnaires to addressees

LINES OF QUESTIONING

INFORMATION SOURCES

at global or regional level

Operational implementation and follow-up

GOODPRACTICES

Level 1

Common framework with mandatory indicators included in the CPP.

Monitoring involves the development of annual work plans based on the logical framework, with a results monitoring matrix, as well as quarterly reports to monitor the progress of the project. Particular attention should be paid here to specific aspects related to the monitoring of climate change adaptation actions based on the objectives & results indicated in the logical frameworks. In the various reporting and monitoring-evaluation phases, the implementation of a two-level monitoring :

Level 2

The individual system for each project owner brings added value, oriented towards learning.

MONITORING AND COLLECTIVE LEARNING...

On the other hand, not all project leaders necessarily have the technical and human capacities to implement such an approach. Thus, a whole system must be put in place for monitoring and learning through the projects deployed. Review meetings with all the project leaders should be planned to reinforce the monitoring and collective learning. For each of these phases, it is necessary to propose specific types of support: group training / individualized support / field mission, etc. These training actions can include specific content on adaptation to climate change, both in theoretical format and through practical cases.

1. Webinars, workshops or a follow-up mission specifically on climate issues would be a good practice to support project leaders. 2. A large set of indicators to monitor may be too time-consuming for project leaders. A good understanding of the logical framework tool, monitoring indicators versus impacts, and the specificities of adaptation is more relevant to the learning process. 3. Concerning mitigation co-benefits in particular, reporting requirements must be realistic, as emissions calculations and carbon balances require a great deal of technical expertise.

Reporting and capitalization

Define

Redefine upstream "capitalization" and "follow-up evaluation" because confusion persists among project leaders. The word "capitalization" is not understood in English, it is necessary to use "stock taking of experiences" in the field of "knowledge management" in English. If we go further, capitalization must be a criterion for project selection. Keeping track of the experiences already had, retaining the lessons learned (both successes and failures) to share and highlight them for each partner structure (targeted publications). Projects that have specifically declared a commitment to capitalize on this theme could be favored. Upstream, it would be useful for the project coordination unit, in partnership with the RAAF, ECOWAS and CILSS, to have a clear vision of the cross-cutting capitalization plan they wish to produce.

The CPP asks project leaders for a capitalization plan but does not clearly request capitalization themes and a method for drawing lessons learned.

Budget

Dedicate a separate budget to this and indicators related to capitalization in the logical framework proposed by the applicants. In view of the types of project leaders selected (rather small project leaders, with limited resources), set up a support unit at the start and throughout the implementation, more particularly on: the logical framework, the establishment of a baseline, indicators, capitalization.

The challenge is to learn from them and share WITH them

Partnership

Setting up a partnership between field actors and scientists is welcome to experiment with more advanced monitoring and evaluation systems for adaptation.

Measuring adaptation

IndicatOrs

One of the challenges is to be able to draw lessons in terms of adaptation to climate change from the practices tested. The measurement of adaptation is a field of experimentation, no universal measure exists to date, unlike mitigation which can be measured quantitatively by indicators of GHG emissions or tons of CO2 equivalent. Moreover, activities are implemented in a non fixed climate.

Thus, several types of indicators can be useful: indicators for monitoring climate parameters, but above all impact indicators.
In terms of climate-related indicators, the link between the indicators to be reported and the climate needs to be refined and it is necessary to specifically support project leaders in this climate logic.

specific adaptation indicators resources

For this purpose, specific adaptation indicator resources exist: A very comprehensive and detailed list of indicators classified according to a detailed methodology and adaptable to different contexts and sectors for CPPs on climate change adaptation. Developed by GIZ, it presents action indicators and result indicators related to adaptation. The toolkit also contains quantified and measured case studies that can be used to build future JPAs. □ https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/download/me/me-guides-manuals-reports/giz2014- en-climate-adaptation-indicator-repository.pdf The UNEP DTU Partnership has developed a metric dedicated to measuring adaptation. Accompanied by a detailed methodology, this metric allows for the selection of appropriate indicators to be proposed in the context of projects aimed at adaptation to climate change for a wide variety of sectors. □ https://unepccc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/adaptation-metrics-current-landscape-and- evolving-practices.pdf For CPPs more specifically related to agriculture, work exists, notably through the FAO's action. This methodology is based on case studies and proposes indicators that can be used in different contexts and for various solutions related to CSA and AE. □ https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-images/module_8_indicators_ etf_online_0.pdf

In addition, a list of indicators that can be integrated into monitoring and evaluation systems in an adaptation process...

Climatic parameters

indicatOrs type OF meAsureMENT Evolution of annual temperatures Annual anomalies Number of abnormally hot days Frequency anomalies Changes in precipitation Annual quantity anomalies Monthly / seasonal precipitation Amount of rainfall per month / season Extreme precipitation events recorded Frequency of events and amount of rainfall recorded

imPacts of climate change

INDICATORS TYPE OF MEASUREMENT Households affected by climatic hazards (droughts / floods / storms) Number of households affected and duration of hazards Evolution of the quantity and quality of irrigation water available on the surface / at depth Change in the amount of water available Change in available water quality (salinity, acidity, etc.) Evolution of the area of available crops / cultivated Amount of arable land lost due to the consequences of climate change (erosion, desertification)

adaPtation action

INDICATORS TYPE OF MEASUREMENT Existing and expanded soil conservation measures Types of measures / Effectiveness of measures CSA / AE technologies implemented Types of technology / Effectiveness of technologies Irrigation systems in place System types / System efficiency Access to financial services for farmers Types of Services / Service Effectiveness

adaPtation results

INDICATORS TYPE OF MEASUREMENT Water demand met by existing supply Types of water supply services provided Evolution of agricultural productivity through land irrigation Yields obtained following irrigation in water-stressed areas Evolution of the number of crops using CSA / AE technologies Number of cultivated areas and variation in yields obtained with the technologies implemented Areas cultivated with drought-resistant varieties Number of cultivated areas and variation in yields obtained with the promoted varieties

INDICATORS AND TYPE OF MEASUREMENT BY CATEGORY

TO CONCLUDE

At the start

Knowing what we are working on, therefore financing initial diagnoses on vulnerability and resilience to understand what is happening in the territory (taking into account the maladaptation issues).

Duration of the project

Longer than 24 months to implement adaptation. Follow-up to be done and continue in 5 to 10 years (implementation, readjustments) Ensure that the priorities followed by donors are at least "consistent" with the priorities set in the regional strategy documents, and at best overlap.

Process

Find ways to streamline reporting and monitoring/evaluation processes. Accompany project leaders over the long term to understand long-term adaptation (time + money), distinguish between solutions that will work for a while and those that are a real adaptation (make adaptation over the long term).

This guide was produced with the support of the Global Climate Change Alliance Plus West Africa (GCCA+ WA) project implemented by Expertise France in partnership with CILSS, under the aegis of ECOWAS and financed by the European Union. March 2023 Photo credits: Camille André, Bertrand Duhem, Manon Marcadet Graphic design: Eugénie Mathy - Com4Dev

Décrire le contexte climatique auquel le projet est confronté

Quels sont les aléas climatiques identifiés et/ou vécus ?

Quelles sont les sources d’émission des pratiques agricoles identifiées

au départ ?

En cours de réalisation

SURLE FOND

Quelle est la différence entre un projetde développement « classique » et un projet d’adaptation ?

Projet de développement

Vise en priorité à réduire les vulnérabilités socio-économiques.

Il existe peu de distinction claire entre des actions de développement et des actions d’adaptation au changement climatique. De nombreuses mesures d’adaptation comportent d’ailleurs un volet « développement » de façon implicite ou explicite. De même, des actions de développement peuvent comporter des actions d’adaptation au changement climatique sans y faire référence de manière explicite (par exemple, un projet d’irrigation en goutte à goutte dans une zone où la ressource risque de diminuer à terme).

Projet d'adaptation

Vise en priorité à réduire les vulnérabilités climatiques.

La place de la sémantique de l’adaptation dans un Appel à Projets sur l’agriculture ?

Considérer les différences de compréhension

BONNESPRATIQUES

...

Si les débats entre AIC et AE subsistent, il importe de ne pas les occulter. Pour les dépasser en l’état, définir l’adaptation au changement climatique de manière plus simple et concrète.
Clarifier encore davantage ce que vise l’APP en s’appuyant sur une théorie du changement. Celle-ci permet de clarifier si les actions soutenues par l’APP visent plutôt une adaptation des techniques existantes, ou s’il faut rechercher un impact transformationnel sur l’agriculture.
Afin de s’adresser à un public cible qui ne maîtrise pas complètement l’ensemble des enjeux du changement climatique, illustrer plus concrètement l’adaptation, au-delà de définition. Par exemple à travers une taxonomie des types d’actions et de pratiques finançables :

Pratiques holistiques intégrées liées à l’approche paysage ;
Systèmes de production intégrés de culture et d’élevage ;
Pratiques agroforestières ;
Agriculture de conservation ;
Système de riziculture intensive ;
Gestion des pâturages et du fumier ;
Gestion durable des forêts en lien avec les communautés ;
Sélection des semences pour une résistance accrue aux changements climatiques ;
Restauration des tourbières et des terres dégradées ;
Gestion des prairies, des parcours et des cultures fourragères ;
Gestion intelligente des ressources en eau ;
Systèmes d’alerte précoce sur la sécurité alimentaire et la gestion des ressources naturelles ;
Système d’alerte précoce et de coordination face aux aléas climatiques (sécheresses notamment) ;
Etc.

Pour simplifier

PROBLEMATIQUE DE CAPITALISATION

Présentationdes leçons apprises

PARTAGEDES LEÇONS APPRISES

Quelles expériences avons-nous envie de partager ?

Qu’est-ce que nous avons appris de ces expériences ?

Comment diffuserce que nous avonsappris en fonctiondes cibles ?

Le système d’irrigationmis en place au coursdu projet

Voilà ce qui fonctionneet ce qu’il faut éviter

De la fiche techniqueau tutoriel vidéo

stratégiede capitalisation

exemple

identificationdes objectifs& des cibles

Pourquoi diffuser nos leçons apprises ?

Essaimage du projetà d’autres zones pour d’autreséquipes techniques

Au démarrage

Clarifier l’objectif visé par la capitalisation

Définirle public cible

Décrirela genèseet les étapes clés du projet

En cours de route

Comment faire ?

Définir le public cible

L’objectif est-il de faire du plaidoyer visant à renforcer les pratiques d’adaptation qui ont fait leurs preuves, auprès de décideurs régionaux et nationaux (ministères de l’agriculture, etc.) ?

SURLE FOND

Au démarrage

Décrirele contexte climatique auquel le projetest confronté

Identifier les thématiques en cours de route

Expliciter le lien entre le projet, les pratiques déployées et l’adaptation au changement climatique et/ou la réduction des émissions des GES

En cours de route

Identifier les facteurs qui ont permis la réussite du projet et ses points faibles

Projeter les possibilités de miseà l’échelle

Comment faire ?

Au démarrage

Décrire le contexte climatique auquel le projet est confronté

Quels sont les aléas climatiques identifiés et/ou vécus ?

Quelles sont les sources d’émission des pratiques agricoles identifiées

au départ ?

En cours de réalisation

SURLE FOND

Identifier les thématiques en cours de route

Quelles sont les démarches mises en œuvre et les bonnes pratiquesà retenir ?

Qu’est-ce qui a fonctionné ?

Quelles ont été les difficultés et les impasses rencontrées ?

De quelles manières ont-elles été dépassées ou contournées ?

En cours de réalisation

SURLE FOND

Expliciter le lien entre le projet, les pratiques déployées et l’adaptation au changement climatique et/ou la réduction des émissions des GES

Le projet a-t-il permis d’apporter des solutions pour absorber les impacts néfastes du changement climatique déjà ressentis ?Si oui, de quelle manière ?

Quelles sont les logiques (techniques) d’adaptation expérimentéespar le projet ? Les logiques organisationnelles ?

De quelle manière le projet a-t-il permis de réduire les émissions de GES ?

En cours de réalisation

SURLE FOND

Identifier les facteurs qui ont permis la réussite du projet et ses points faibles

Le projet a-t-il permis d’apporter des solutions pour absorber les impacts néfastes du changement climatique déjà ressentis ?

Si oui de quelle manière ?Si non, pourquoi ?

En cours de réalisation

SURLE FOND

Projeter les possibilités de mise à l’échelle

Quelles sont les possibilités de déploiement pour des solutions ayant démontré leur pertinence à l’échelle parcelles / exploitation / filière ?

En cours de réalisation

SURLE FOND

LE storytelling

Les bonnes pratiques

La communication visuelle

La recherche scientifique vise à répondre à des objectifs d’amélioration des connaissances, sur une problématique particulière, à partir d’un protocole d’enquête et/ou expérimental prédéfini. Les publications sont destinées à un public prioritairement de pairs, de scientifiques, même si la vulgarisation des résultats peut cibler un public plus large.

La fiche de capitalisation

LEs outilsde partagedes enseignements

À partir d’une fiche de capitalisation qui regroupe les informations essentielles de la capitalisation, d’autres outils de partage de ces enseignements peuvent être envisagés en fonction des cibles. Il faut notamment penser au storytelling et à la communication visuelle. La fiche capitalisation est l’outil vous permettant de partager les bonnes pratiques et leçons apprises.

Le storytelling est l’histoire du projet décliné sur un plan subjectif. C’est mettre en avant les liens entre des actions environnementales, sociétales, humaines qui permet de dégager le sens du projet. Un bon storytelling implique un personnage principal, une quête (la résolution d’un problème) et un message.

Communiquer un message c’est faciliter l’accès à l’information. Cela passe par une interface agréable et une lecture facilitée au premier regard avec une hiérarchie de l’information, des mots et chiffres clés, et des mise en exergue par exemple.

Les bonnes pratiques (les fameuses ”success stories”) relatent uniquement les réussites des actions alors que la capitalisation s’intéresse aussi aux échecs. Il s’agit plus d’un exercice de valorisation que de capitalisation (même si celle-ci est un préalable) qui peut prendre plusieurs formes : témoignages, films, expositions…

La fiche de capitalisation permet de situer le projet dans son contexte, en particulier climatique, de consigner et partager les bonnes pratiques tirées du projet et les leçons apprises lors du déploiement du projet.

Comment faire ?

Les bénéficiaires qui ont mis en œuvre les pratiques sont les mieux placés pour expliciter leur vécu, les leçons apprises, les difficultés rencontrées.

Mais il est bien sûr nécessaire de les accompagner surces aspects pour prendre du recul.

1 à 3 ateliers participatifs peuvent être une bonne modalité animée par une personne qui guide les réflexions et aide à faire ressortir les leçons apprises (succès et échecs) afin que la fiche ne soit pas un formulaire à remplir mais le fruit d’une réflexion collective et un exercice d’apprentissage.

Au démarrage

En cours de route

Les ateliers participatifs permettent d’adosser la capitalisation au récit de ceux qui ont vécu et développé le projet. La participation de l’ensemble des parties prenantes permet de confronter ces vécus, construire et dégager collectivement les connaissances issues du projet, les leçons apprises acquises, dont les bonnes pratiques que l’on souhaite retenir et partager avec d’autres.

Titre explicite de la pratique ou initiative + nom local

Sous titre (1 ligne maximum)

fiche de capitalisation

Messages clés

PHOTO PLAN LARGE

fiche de capitalisation

Résumé

C’est un premier niveau de lecture pour ceux qui ne veulent pas lire la fiche. Le résumé doit répondre à toutes ces questions. 7 lignes maximum pour savoir de quoi va traiter la fiche. Qui? Quoi? Quand ? Où ? Comment ? Pourquoi ?

Genèse

Quel est l’historique de la pratique / Historique de l’initiative ? Qu’est-ce qui l’a motivée ? Quelle était la situation antérieure ?

Dates clés

2019

2020

2021

PHOTO PLAN sérré

fiche de capitalisation

Parties prenantes

Bénéficiaires (utilisateurs) ?Partenaires associés : type réseau, ONG (Oxfam, etc.), partenaire recherche ?

LOGO

fiche de capitalisation

Le contexte climatique du projet

Adaptation ou atténuation selonle projet >>> Quels sont les aléas et vulnérabilités climatiques vécues ? les aléas et vulnérabilités climatiques objectivées (à travers des chiffres, des rapports, des sites en ligne, etc).

Ou Quels sont les constatsau départ du projetsur les émissionsdes pratiques agricoles ?

fiche de capitalisation

Localisation de la technique/pratique

Localisation et extension géographique possible.

CARTE TERRAIN

fiche de capitalisation

Mécanisme d’atténuation ou adaptation

En quoi le projet permet-ilde réduire ou limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) ?

Mécanisme d’adaptation & atténuationdes Changements climatiques

schéma ou plan

fiche de capitalisation

Les réponses du projet face aux impactsdu changement climatique

En quoi le projet permet-il de répondre aux impacts du changement climatique ? En quoi cette action contribue-t-elle à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques (ACC) de l’exploitation /du territoire ?

Quels sont les effets/impacts agronomique ?Quels sont les effets/impacts écologiques ?Quels sont les effets/impacts économiques, sociaux, organisationnels ?

Mécanisme d’adaptation & atténuationdes Changements climatiques

fiche de capitalisation

Les conditions de réussite du projet

Quels sont les facteurs favorables qui ont permis les réussitesdu projet ?

Quels ont été les facteurs défavorables ?

Mécanisme d’adaptation & atténuationdes Changements climatiques

fiche de capitalisation

Coûtsengendrés

Retours sur investissements

XXXX

Mécanisme d’adaptation & atténuationdes Changements climatiques

fiche de capitalisation

leçons apprises

Les +

Les -

Les facteurs associés et complémentaires pour la réussite. Qu’est-ce qui a bien fonctionné au cours du projet ? Quelles sont les bonnes pratiques à diffuser ?

Difficultés rencontrées. Contraintes et limites des pratiques d’adaptation ou d’atténuation. Quels effets n’étaient pas attendus ? Quelles pratiques sont à modifier ou à abandonner ?

fiche de capitalisation

leçons apprises

Les perspectivesde mise à l'échelle

État d’avancement du projet

Peut-on le déployer ailleurs ? Comment est-ce duplicable ? Comment mettre en placeces pratiques à l’échelledu territoire ?

Quelles sont les étapes terminées du projet et celles qui sont prévues ?

fiche de capitalisation

leçons apprises

Dires d'acteurs

Témoignages et conseils de bénéficiaires. Comment vous y prendriez-vous pour mettre en place la pratique si c’était à refaire ? Quels conseils donneriez- vous à d’autres porteurs de projets qui souhaitent adapter la pratique à leur contexte ?

Contacts : Qui contacter si on veuten savoir plus ?

portrait ou photo équipe

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