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American Civil War
1865
“America was not built on fear. America was built on courage, on imagination and an unbeatable determination to do the job at hand.”
Declaration of independence
1776
Fight for america
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Fight for america

1776

Declaration of independence

“America was not built on fear. America was built on courage, on imagination and an unbeatable determination to do the job at hand.”

1920

Proibitionism

1865

American Civil War

Declaration of Independence

The declaration of independence, titled also the unanimous declaration of 13 united states of america is the document on which america was founded. It was adopted on 4 july 1776 by the second continetal congress (the governing body by which the american colonial government coordinated their resitance to british rule during the first two years of the american revolution); the meeting was hedl at the Pennsylvania State House, but later it was called Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The statement explain us hoe the 13 colonies became independent states and no longer subject to the domination on the British.The decleration of independence was signed by 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress, who came to be known as the nation's Founding Fathers.

The 56 included delegates from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The declaration became one of the most circulated and widely reprinted documents in early American history. The Committee of Five drafted the declaration to be ready when Congress voted on independence. John Adams, a leading proponent of independence, persuaded the Committee of Five to charge Thomas Jefferson with authoring the document's original draft, which the Second Continental Congress then edited. The declaration was a formal explanation of why the Continental Congress voted to declare American independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, a year after the American Revolutionary War began in April 1775. The Lee Resolution for independence was passed unanimously by the Congress on July 2, 1776.

After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. Jefferson's original draft is currently preserved at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., complete with changes made by Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and Jefferson's notes of changes made by Congress. The best-known version of the Declaration is the signed copy now displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., which is popularly regarded as the official document. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2, 1776.

After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. Jefferson's original draft is currently preserved at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., complete with changes made by Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and Jefferson's notes of changes made by Congress. The best-known version of the Declaration is the signed copy now displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., which is popularly regarded as the official document. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2, 1776.

What Does it Say?

The Declaration of Independence was designed for multiple audiences: the King, the colonists, and the world. It was also designed to multitask. Its goals were to rally the troops, win foreign allies, and to announce the creation of a new country. The introductory sentence states the Declaration’s main purpose, to explain the colonists’ right to revolution. In other words, “to declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” Congress had to prove the legitimacy of its cause. It had just defied the most powerful nation on Earth. It needed to motivate foreign allies to join the fight.

Preamble

These are the lines contemporary Americans know best: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.” These stirring words were designed to convince Americans to put their lives on the line for the cause. Separation from the mother country threatened their sense of security, economic stability, and identity. The preamble sought to inspire and unite them through the vision of a better life.

List of Grievances

The list of 27 complaints against King George III constitute the proof of the right to rebellion. Congress cast “the causes which impel them to separation” in universal terms for an international audience. Join our fight, reads the subtext, and you join humankind’s fight against tyranny.

Resolution of Independence

The most important and dramatic statement comes near the end: “That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States.” It declares a complete break with Britain and its King and claims the powers of an independent country.

the revolution

In the early 1770s, more and more colonists became convinced that Parliament intended to take away their freedom. In fact, the Americans saw a pattern of increasing oppression and corruption happening all around the world. Parliament was determined to bring its unruly American subjects to heel. Britain began to prepare for war in early 1775. The first fighting broke out in April in Massachusetts. In August, the King declared the colonists “in a state of open and avowed rebellion.” For the first time, many colonists began to seriously consider cutting ties with Britain. The publication of Thomas Paine’s stirring pamphlet Common Sense in early 1776 lit a fire under this previously unthinkable idea. The movement for independence was now in full swing.

The colonists elected delegates to attend a Continental Congress that eventually became the governing body of the union during the Revolution. Its second meeting convened in Philadelphia in 1775. The delegates to Congress adopted strict rules of secrecy to protect the cause of American liberty and their own lives. In less than a year, most of the delegates abandoned hope of reconciliation with Britain. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution “that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states.” They appointed a Committee of Five to write an announcement explaining the reasons for independence. Thomas Jefferson, who chaired the committee and had established himself as a bold and talented political writer, wrote the first draft.

On June 11, 1776, Jefferson holed up in his Philadelphia boarding house and began to write. He borrowed freely from existing documents like the Virginia Declaration of Rights and incorporated accepted ideals of the Enlightenment. Jefferson later explained that “he was not striving for originality of principal or sentiment.” Instead, he hoped his words served as an “expression of the American mind.” Less than three weeks after he’d begun, he presented his draft to Congress. He was not pleased when Congress “mangled” his composition by cutting and changing much of his carefully chosen wording. He was especially sorry they removed the part blaming King George III for the slave trade, although he knew the time wasn’t right to deal with the issue.

On July 2, 1776, Congress voted to declare independence. Two days later, it ratified the text of the Declaration. John Dunlap, official printer to Congress, worked through the night to set the Declaration in type and print approximately 200 copies. These copies, known as the Dunlap Broadsides, were sent to various committees, assemblies, and commanders of the Continental troops. The Dunlap Broadsides weren’t signed, but John Hancock’s name appears in large type at the bottom. One copy crossed the Atlantic, reaching King George III months later. The official British response scolded the “misguided Americans” and “their extravagant and inadmissable Claim of Independency”.

writing the declaration

declaring independence

On July 19, once all 13 colonies had signified their approval of the Declaration of Independence, Congress ordered that it be “fairly engrossed on parchment.” (To “engross” is to write in a large, clear hand.) Timothy Matlack, an assistant to the Secretary of the Congress, was most likely the penman.

On August 2, the journal of the Continental Congress records that “The declaration of independence being engrossed and compared at the table was signed.” John Hancock, President of the Congress, signed first. The delegates then signed by state from north to south. Some signed after August 2. A few refused. George Washington was away with his troops. Ultimately, 56 delegates signed the Declaration.

Parchment Declaration

Singin the declaration

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

American civil war

Not even 100 years after the founding fathers wrote "all men are created equal" politicians were already doubting about that statement.The founding fathers of the U.S.A. left some questions, like "states rights against the federal government" or "what are the executive powers of the president?", a little too open to interpretation.The biggest question of them all was slavery an ugly mark, in what should have been a revolutionary new nation based on liberty and democracy. Thomas Jefferson had written a condemnation of slaveryin the declaration of independence, but out of fear of losing Southern State support, it was removed.

Setting

As the nation developed the North and the South developed along two very different lines and two very different cultural identities emerged. Northern cities began rapidly industrializing while the Southern climate allowed for large plantations of labor-intensive crops. As a result, one half of the country didn't rely on slaves while the other half had become economically dependent on them. With invention of the cotton gin in 1793, by Eli Whitney, the slave trade in the South exploded; eanwhile in the north growing abolosionist movements were borning.

Thi series of events lead to a general mistrust between the North and the South, as northener felt that the South was expanding too much the trade market and the southeners that the North wanted to abolish slavery.In 1819 american's states split up in 11 free states and 11 slave states, to balance the releation inside of the government, until Missouri became the 23rd state of the U.S.A.To balance that,the government created a new state in the North, Maine.The same thing happened again, 'cause america was continuing expanding westward, creating new states that treatened the balance of power.

The last compromise was with the creation of Kansas and Nebraska, huge numbers of pro an anti-slavery settlers went to Kansas only to vote for their party, and while they were there they started killing each other. The most famous among them all was Jhon Brown, a radical abolistionist, started an event called 'Bleeding Kansas'. In the end both states voted in favor of outlawing slavery, but from there the tesion started to grow. In 1852 the author Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin, a bestselling novel that exposed the terrible cruelty of slavery to the world.

Abraham Lincol knew the evilnes of slavery and spoke out against it in speeches, but he didn't want to outlaw it entirely but he wanted to prevent his expansion, leaving it to naturaly die out. In 1859, when Jhon Brown freed the slaves from the town of Harper's ferry and continued south inciting slaves uprisingBut due to bad execution he was captured and executed, In 1860 Lincol won the electiona and became president of the united states, Lincol himself tried to calm the fear of the South. But the South now wanted independence, many peaople living in the USA were more loyal to their state than the nation, for example the famous general E.Lee.

Rising Tension

The conflict

Washington D.C

Richmond

The first attack was send by the confederation to Fort Sumter in 1861, the begining of the American civil war. The South knew the conflict would pose a challenge for them, with only 5 million people (without counting the 9 million of slaves), against 22 million .The plan for the North was to blockade the enemy ports and try two major offensive: one along the Missisipi river (splitting the confederats in two) and the second directly to the Confederate's capital.During the war Lincoln committed acts that were viewed by some as impeachable. His administration suppressed the free media from printing articles sympathetic towards the South. Some Southern sympathizers were even arrested without a trial.The war waged for some years and at the start of 1861 it was not going great for the Northener. The general in comand failed three different invasion of Richmond, against E. Lee. Only the naval blockade and the Missisipi offensive were working, to convince the european countries to not break the naval blockade, he changed his objective for the war to the abolition of slavery.

Fort Sumter

Missisipi

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General Meade

General Grant

General McClellan

General Burnside

General Hooker

Reunification

The war was still raging and Lincol was on his fourth year of presidency, in 1864 election would come so both side started a morale war, trying to lower the fame of each other candidates.With the capture of Atlanta Lincol was able to win the election with a 91.6%, with troops in particular voting overwhelingly for him.But the war didn't end, Sherman adopted a strategy focusing on destrying infrastructer, so that people will lose trust of the Confederation.And with the surrender of 89.000 confederate soldier the civil war ended in 1861.With the anding of the war and with a new govenment the 13th amendment passed, banning slavery from the U.S.A..

PROHIBITION

PROHIBITION

from the 20'

to the great depression

pre-prohibitionist america

In the 19th century america drinking was a daily activity, americans drank during breakfast, at baptism, public hangings and even doctors prescribed heavy liquor. The old americans drank three time as their today counterparts.But more and more Americans began to wonder whether all of this truly was a normal way to live. Were Americans drinking perhaps a little too much?One group in particular had the answer, women, as american heavy drinking ruinded more and more life women started a moral resistance to it.This reaction was unexpected, in a whehre women doing just bout everything was shocking.

w.c.t.u.

Starting in Ohio before spreading nationwide,women began a crusade against alcohol. They marched through towns and cities, singing hymns, gathering outside saloons,and praying on their knees. Women praying was so terrifying that in some towns schools were shut and business stagnated.On one occasion, firemen were called out to hose down the dangerous praying women. On another, the owner of a beer gardenreportedly hold a cannon outside and threatened to reduce the savage women to dust. Nevertheless, they persisted.

  • They founded the Woman's Cristian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1874
  • They set up homes for inebriate women.
  • They installed water fountains in public parks.
  • They wrote textbooks for schoolchildren that contained some interesting claims about drinking alcohol

In small towns across America, drugstores agreed to stop fulfilling prescriptions for alcohol. Men committed themselves to giving up drink.Inspired by the women's moral fervor, some saloon owners closed their doors. The women's crusade and other temperance movementswere forcing people to reconsider alcohol's role in society, and more people began to side with the growing temperance movement.

Many states had even begun enacting their own dry laws that restricted the sale and use of alcohol. One of them was Kansaswhere alcohol had been outlawed since 1881. Despite this, many illegal saloons remained opened and authorities had done just about nothing to stop them.

Honorary mention

One woman, disgusted by what she saw,decided she would take the law into her own hands, and not just any woman, a terrifying hatchet-wielding,sweet old lady named Carrie Nation. Armed with her trustee hatchet and a bag of what she called smashers,she traveled from town to town visiting saloons, she was there to smash. and couple of time she got arrested, but the autorities let her go.

“I tell you ladies, you don't know how much joy you will have until you begin to smash, smash, smash!”

Caroline Amelia Nation

1. Section

Anti-Saloon league

Many of the women’s movements eventualy slowed down ‘cause they had to return to their duties at home. But a new movement took this matter to Washigton D.C., The Anti-Saloon League, run by Wayne Wheeler. While the women movement wher interested in a whole range of issues (like child welfare, sanitation and Womne’s suffrage), the Antii-Saloon league cared only about alchool and they were very effective. By exploiting the fear of the american people, (ex. Workers were told that alchool was a capitalist toy to keep them subjugated, meanwhile factory owner was told that alchool was making their worker lazier). Totaly opposing group found themselves agreeing that alchool should be banned, they also made great use of propaganda. Wayne was able to force politician in favor of alchool to give speech about proibition.Wayne was even able to force politician against prohibition to talk in its favor.More support came with the start of WW1, when the german started to be seen as enemy, and most of the brewers were german. The only remaining problem was that, alchool, made up 40% of the governal revenue.

With the creation of a new income tax, and the use of propaganda, the anti-saloon league was able to introduce Prohibition.Prohibition was finaly introduced in 1913, not with a law but with the 18th amendment, with this the fifth biggest industry in america was dissolved and the loss of milion of jobs for the people.

18th amendment

  • While the sale and manufacture of alchool was illegal, simply consuming pre existing alchool wasn’t.
  • Whiskey for medical purpose was allowed, turning doctors into bar tenders.
  • Wine for religious ritual as the jewish and cristian, rabbis starte selling alchool illegaly
  • Vine-glo was a dehydrated grape juice, therfore legal, but there was a specific warning “if you live the liquid for 20 days it will turn into wine ;) ”
This is identical to today piracy, where everyone break a rule and no one is enforcing it. The government didn't want to improve their Anti Proibition agency.At the time the ration Anti Proibition Agent to civilians was, 1 every 70,666.

Theoretically tthe consumption of alchool dropped, but most of the americans kept on drinking, and even more than before:

Illegaly getting booze

Illegal stills started appearing everywhere in the country, even politicians who supported prohibition had one.To stop the oonshine production the government added extra toxin to many of the product that moonshining was using.This wa the cause of thousands of deaths for intoxication.

Another way to buy alchool was by see, at the limit of the maritime american border, there was a floating market called Rum Row. Even politician from the white house usualy bought alchool here, and they smugled some of it inside the white house

speakeasies

A new type of drinkin establishment was created, they were secretly camouflaged as houses, but inside they were freaking disco, speakeasies. They became the simbol of the roaring 20’ , some neighboroods were so full of drunk people that people started hangin signs with wrote on them “tihis is not a speakesies”.In speakeasies different genders and ethnicities they became to blend like never before, setting off a monumental change in culture, men and women could flirt in public and black the jazz music was able to spread.

DisHonorary Mention

But prohibitiona had given another kind of criminal, gangsters and mobsters. Gangs started killing each other for the control over alchool, city like Detroit with their purple Gang, Nea England with Charles King Solomon, but the most famous was Al Capone in Chicago. The difference with other gang leader is that he kept a high profile becoming a popular idol for americans, meanwhile slaughtering people. The funny thing is tha he was imprisoned for tax evading, for 11 years (the longest penalty ever given to a tax evader).

The end of prohibition and the start of the great depression

Pauline Sabin, at the start a prohibitionist supporter, an influent and faous woman that started another movement against prohibition this time. In the 14th frebuary of 1929 with the valentine day massacre shocked the nation, conving more nad more people to anti prohibition movement. With the 1929 great depression, 15 milion people will lose their job, and the new government in 1932 of Frakin D. Roosvelt, and in 1933 with 24th amendment the 18th one was repeld ending the prohibition. People celebrated like tey won a war, now man and women now could drink in bar and taverns.

the end

thanks for your attention

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