Motivation and the Brain

Motivation and the Brain

The brain is a complex organism that serves many purposes. Most notable are thinking and relaying messages to the body. However, it is also a key component in motivation and reward. Its varying parts, each serve a distinct role in the process of motivation. Let's take a closer look into these pieces and how they all connect to motivate and determine value.

Complexity

Amygdala

Parts of the Neural Network

VTA

Substantia Nigra

Ventral Lateral Nucleus

Globus Pallidus Internus

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Striatum

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Major Dopamine Pathways

This graph gives a visual picture of the groups of structures activated when we experience something rewarding. These are the dopamine pathways involved in value-based decision making. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in motivaiton. The Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area, release dopamine neurons to the Striatum. From there, it is sent to the Globus Pallidus Internus and then up to the Ventral Lateral Nucleus and Anterior Thalamic Nuclei. From there, the dopamine neurons, are sent to the Prefrontal Cortex, which house the orbito, ventromedial, and dorsolateral cortexes. Notice that all dopaminergic neurons are filtered through the Striatum, whether they are sent from the Amygdala, VTA, or Subbstantia Nigra.

Network Anatomy of Value-Based Decision-Making

+ info

VROOM

Expectancy Theory

Expectancy Theory is a motivational theory proposed by Vroom. This theory focuses on how everyone is different and as a result their motivation to do things will differ as well. It also places emphasis on how goals and behaviors influence behavior. Within this model there are three variables that must be considered: Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence. Expectancy links performance to effort. Instrumentality links performance and reward. Lastly, Valence is the utility of the reward.

Summary

Expectancy Theory Scenarios

Not a Highly Desirable Outcome

Highly Desirable Outcome

References