The Brexit

Riccardo GiovineMatteo Zedda

brexit

While there was an act of anti-immigration, one should not overlook the prejudice that the rise of foreigners has taken away job opportunities for English citizens, would have halved salaries and public services - as in the case of the British National Health Service -, a preconception that has and still relies particularly on Labour sympathisers and low- and middle-income families in England and Wales, which did not take the Labour Party’s advice into account in the referendum and voted in favour of «Leave».

THE DECISION TO LEAVE THE EU

After 43 years in the EU, on 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted in a referendum to withdraw from the EU. Between 2017 and 2019, the EU and the UK negotiated the terms of Brexit, which led to negotiations on a withdrawal agreement, including the conditions for a transition period allowing citizens and businesses to adapt to change, and the definition of the objectives of future relations between the EU and the UK. Following the UK’s exit from the EU at midnight CET on 31 January 2020, the EU-UK withdrawal agreement entered into force on 1 February 2020.

the Negotiations for the withdrawal agreement

After the UK’s effective exit from the EU, an 11-month transition was envisaged during which the UK would continue to be part of the EU single market and customs union, but without being able to participate in EU decisions.

the transition

The Northern Ireland Protocol is an agreement contained in the 2019 Brexit Withdrawal Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom, aimed at preventing the creation of a physical border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It provides for Northern Ireland to remain within the European Single Market and the Customs Union, thus maintaining EU products subject to EU rules and regulations, and also provides for the establishment of customs controls between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom. The protocol has been the subject of much debate and criticism from Northern Irish and British politicians, with British Prime Minister Boris Johnson calling the protocol "unacceptable" and trying to amend parts of the agreement.

The Northern irland issue

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The actual exit

After the transition period, the TCA (Trade and Coooperation Agrrement) was signed and it providing for:

• social, environmental, transport and fisheries sector which is guaranteed by a strict framework for the protection of equal conditions
• A cooperation in this field: judicial, law enforcement and criminal law
• UK participation in certain European Union programmes.

the negotiations for the trade agreement

The Northern Irish protocol is still an unresolved problem that has caused a political crisis in Belfast. Although the relationship between London and Brussels has improved, finding a satisfactory solution seems difficult, then a recent poll shows that the majority of the population in the UK would vote to stay in the EU and the Brexit has caused a shortage of unskilled staff, a decline in the number of EU students enrolled in British universities, the flight of City bankers to other European cities and a slowdown in trade. Despite border controls, the UK has experienced an increase in illegal landings.

the consequences of Brexit

The exit agreement, which has been ratified by both sides, is mainly concerned with protecting the rights of EU citizens living in the UK and UK citizens in the EU, financial commitments made by the UK as a Member State and border issues. The agreement must be fully implemented. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement, approved by the European Parliament at its April 2021 plenary session, sets out the rules for future relations between the EU and the UK.

the future relationship

Brexit explained in a video

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