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Transmission Impairments

Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal. In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In the case of digitally transmitted signals at the receiver side we get changes in bits (0's or 1's).There are various causes of transmission impairments −

  • Noise
  • Attenuation
  • Distortion
  • Delay

Introduction and Causes of Transmission impairment

The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal is called noise. There are several types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk noise, thermal noise and impulse noise which may corrupt the signal. Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances. These devices act as sending antenna and transmission medium act as receiving antenna. Thermal noise is movement of electrons in wire which creates an extra signal. Crosstalk noise is when one wire affects the other wire. Impulse noise is a signal with high energy that comes from lightning or power lines Signal-to-Noise ratio is defined as

Causes of Transmission impairment-Noise

It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with increasing distance which causes loss of energy in overcoming resistance of medium. This is also known as attenuated signal. Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which gives the original signal back and compensate for this loss.Attenuation is measured in decibels(dB). It measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different point. Attenuation(dB) = 10log10(P2/P1)P1 is the power at sending end and P2 is the power at receiving end.

Causes of Transmission impairment-Attenuation

It means changes in the form or shape of the signal. This is generally seen in composite signals made up with different frequencies. Each frequency component has its own propagation speed travelling through a medium. And thats why it delay in arriving at the final destination Every component arrive at different time which leads to distortion. Therefore, they have different phases at receiver end from what they had at senders end.

Causes of Transmission impairment-Distortion

Delay is a common transmission impairment in computer networks that occurs when there is a delay in the delivery of data packets from the source to the destination. The delay can be caused by different factors, such as:

  • Network congestion: When too many data packets are sent through the same network, it can cause congestion and delays.
  • Distance: The longer the distance between the source and destination devices, the higher the delay.

Causes of Transmission impairment-Delay

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