AWARE OF CLİMATE CHANGE e BOOK

AWARE OF CLIMATE CHANGEe-BOOK-GAME

CONTENTS

• -Global Warming, Global Climate Change, Definition of greenhouse Gases(Sinem Teacher)

• Changes Observed in the Climate System ( Gülay Teacher)
• Causes of changes observed in the climate system ( Ayten and İsmail Teachers)
• Global and regional changes in the future(Seyhan Teacher)

• Effects of Climate Change ( Elif and Enes Teachers)
• Climate change in Turkey (Belkıs-Melek Teachers)
• Climate change in Portugal (Enrique Teacher)
• Climate change in Romania (Vasilica ,Daniela and Liliana Teachers)
• Climate change in Bulgaria (Maya Teacher)
• Climate change in Spain (Susana and Olga Teachers)
• Climate change in Azerbaijan (Ayten Teacher)
• Struggle with climate change(Hasan Teacher)

CONTENTS

• -Global Warming, Global Climate Change, Definition of greenhouse Gases(Sinem Teacher)

• Changes Observed in the Climate System ( Gülay Teacher)
• Causes of changes observed in the climate system ( Ayten and İsmail Teachers)
• Global and regional changes in the future(Seyhan Teacher)

• Effects of Climate Change ( Elif and Enes Teachers)
• Climate change in Turkey (Belkıs-Melek Teachers)
• Climate change in Portugal (Enrique Teacher)
• Climate change in Romania (Vasilica ,Daniela and Liliana Teachers)
• Climate change in Bulgaria (Maya Teacher)
• Climate change in Spain (Susana and Olga Teachers)
• Climate change in Azerbaijan (Ayten Teacher)
• Struggle with climate change(Hasan Teacher)

Sinem BİRGÜCÜ/ Ağrı BİLSEM

DEFİNİTİON OF GLOBAL WARMİNG:The increase in temperature on the earth's surface as a result of the greenhouse effect causet buy the gases given to the atmosphere by humans is called global warming.

Sinem BİRGÜCÜ Ağrı BİLSEM

DEFINITION OF GREENHOUSE GASES Greenhouse gases are both natural and anthropogenic gaseous components of the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation of certain wavelengths within the infrared radiation spectrum emitted by the Earth's surface, atmosphere and clouds.

DEFINITION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Global climate change is a change caused by human activities in addition to the natural variability of climate experienced throughoutthe earth's long geological history.

Changes Observed in the Climate System ( Gülay KAYA)

Fosil yakıt kullanımı, ormansızlaşma, tarımsal faaliyet vb. antropojenik etkinlikler, özellikle sanayi devrimiyle birlikte, metan, karbondioksit gibi doğal sera gazları emisyonlarında önemli ölçüde artışa neden olmuştur. Atmosferde sera gazları emisyonlarında meydana gelen bu artış doğal sera etkisinin bozulmasına ve atmosferin ısınmasına neden olmuş ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın potansiyel etkisi ise biyosferde küresel iklim değişikliğidir.

Changes Observed in the Climate System

Özellikle 1980’li yıllardan itibaren daha belirgin hale gelen küresel ısınma ve küresel iklim değişikliği su kaynaklarının azalması, besin kıtlığı, enerji sıkıntısı, kuraklık, çölleşme, göç gibi sosyoekonomik ve politik etkileri yanında, doğal peyzaj dokusunun bozulması, ekosistemler, türler ve gen kaynakları gibi biyolojik çeşitliliğin temel parçaları olan sistemleri de olumsuz etkilemektedir. Su ve kara ekosistemlerinde meydana gelen değişim bu ekosistemlerin biyolojik kompozisyonlarında da değişime neden olmaktadır.

KAYNAK: YEŞİL GAZETE.ORG

INDUSTRIAL LIVESTOCK

HIGHWAY, AIR, SEA TRANSPORTATION

NATURAL GAS USE

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

COAL MINING AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM COAL

OIL USE

DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS AND GREEN LANDS

The reasons for the changes observed in the climate system

SİNOP BİLİM VE SANAT MERKEZİ

İSMAİL GÜNEY

AYTEN KARAKAYA -

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has found that the main cause of global climate change is the observed sequence of human consequences in greenhouse gas emissions. The burning of fossil fuels, primarily coal, is the main responsible for the hours of sunshine in the atmosphere.

Play a game

Play a game

Enes Fatih KARAKAYA / Elif KARAKAYA

Loss of wild life

Land degradation

Increase in extremeweather events

Unpredictable weather changes

Rising sea level

Rising temperatures

Effects of Climate Change

Climate of different regions of Turkey will be affected differently and to varying degrees. For example temperature with arid and semi-arid regions under threat of desertification rather than increase G.U. Journal of Gazi Education Faculty Volume 22, Issue 1 (2002) 47-65 59 Sub-humid regions without water will be affected (South east, Central Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean regions) (Turkes 1998). A possible climate change The results can be summarized as follows:

Climate change in Turkey (Melek Hoca)

1. Undoubtedly, the effect of climate change on natural ecological systems in our country. It will inevitably degrade its composition and productivity and reduce biodiversity. will be. However, some ecosystems respond quickly to climate change. some respond very slowly.

2. Forests are very sensitive to climatic changes. Your damage is too muchforests of our country, where there is a possible climate change (temperature, precipitation, extreme events,spread of pests and fires) is predicted to change.will cause big problems. Anatolia being the scene of great civilizationshence, the forest property has been rapidly destroyed. The area considered as forest in Turkeywidth is 20.2 million hectares and covers 26% of the country's width (Görmez,1991).Forests are constantly being destroyed by fire, settlement and clearing for agriculture.is decreasing. Out of 15,596 forest fires between 1961 and 1996, 2,293,390hectares of forest burned (Görmez 1991), how big and how big the problem is.understandably serious.

3. In the researches, the climate that will occur due to global warming changes, especially the decrease in water resources, forest fires, drought and that our country will be adversely affected by desertification and ecological deterioration due to them. is indicated. Turkey is risky in terms of the potential effects of global warming. among the countries. While the average precipitation for many years was 631 mm in Turkey, the precipitation amount was 15% in 1999. . In terms of both the per capita water availability and the amount of water used, Contrary to what is generally known, our country has a limited It is seen that it is among the countries with water resources.

4. The protection of agricultural lands is one of the national security concerns in many countries. Has become one. Poor use of agricultural lands, water due to water management deficiencies flooding, salinization, deforestation, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. İs one of them. Due to the indispensable importance of water in agriculture, clean water G.U. Journal of Gazi Education Faculty Volume 22, Issue 1 (2002) 47-65 61 shortage is the biggest resource constraint on agricultural production in many regions. Became like that.

5. Turkey, especially Central Anatolia, South East, which is in danger of desertification Agriculture in semi-arid and semi-humid regions such as Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean Regions, warnings that it may cause adverse effects in terms of forestry and water resources. is done. Any change that may occur in the climate, precipitation, evaporation, runoff and will change the amount of usable water in the soil. Seasons and annual precipitation The changes to be seen will be both the storage of water resources and the moisture in the soil. very important for the regulation of the

6. Drought is a hidden danger and greatest disaster of nature. Usually any It occurs due to a decrease in the amount of precipitation in a season or time period. Drought should not be seen as just a physical event or a natural event. Due to the dependence of drought, people and their activities on water resources, society has various effects on Long-term dry air creates a lack of moisture in plants, forests. and water resources, resulting in serious environmental, economic and social problems arise. Türkiye has started to experience its driest seasons in recent years. drought trend Estimates of the increase are made by the relevant institutions. Drought; below normal It is a combination of many factors such as precipitation, low soil moisture, hot dry air. is the result.

VII- Effects of Drought Drought effects can be divided into three groups. These are: 1) Economic; 2) Environmental; 3) Social 1) Economic Impacts a) Lost in product b) Insect infestation c) Plant diseases d) Poor product quality e) Loss in livestock f) Decreased productivity of pastures g) Inability to provide water and food for animals h) Losses in forest products i) Forest fires j) Tree diseases k) Insect infestation l) Decreased productivity of forest areas m) Loss in aquaculture n) Loss in national growth, lag in economic development o) Decrease in food production, decrease in food stocks p) Difficulty in finding financial resources, credit risk q) Expensive in developing new and additional water resources r) Losses in farmer income s) Losses in tourism t) Reduction in energy production u) Losses in industries that are directly dependent on agricultural production v) Unemployment due to the decrease in production w) Losses in tax revenues of governments

2) Environmental Effects a) Water and wind erosion in the soil b) Damage to plant areas c) Deterioration of water quality d) Deterioration in animal quality e) Reduction of the natural habitats of animals

Play This Game

RESOURCEShttps://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77436

3) Social Effects a) Social unrest b) Increase in migration events c) Increase in poverty d) food shortage

The situation in Turkey is also very serious. Especially in water resources, drought is the most important agenda item and it is waiting for us to bring more serious problems in the future. According to the meteorological drought map prepared by the General Directorate of Meteorology with the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) method in the three-month period covering September 2020 – November 2020, large areas covered by extraordinary, very severe and severe arid parts in a very large part of Turkey draw attention.Source: suyader.com

In the last 40 years in our country, 3 times the KKTCwetland in its size was lose.

Climate change in Turkey (Belkıs TOPSAKAL)Merzifon Atatürk BİLSEM

Play this game!

Tourism in Portugal is projected to decline by 2.5% and 5.2% due to temperature increases, reducing the Portuguese GDP between 0.19% and 0.40%. Farms will also be negatively impacted. The farmland value in Portugal is expected to decrease by more than 80% by 2100.Droughts, floods, and heat waves have already reduced the yield of certain crops, particularly typical Mediterranean crops such as grapevine and olive.Food production in Portugal could be reduced, causing a food security risk. There will be a more considerable demand for water irrigation to preserve crop yields, leading to a scarcity of water availability.

Climate change in Portugal (Enrique)

How is Portugal fighting climate change? According to the European Parliamentary Research Service, Portugal generates 1.8% of the EU’s total greenhouse emissions as of 2021. In 2019, the carbon intensity of the country’s economy (measured as CO2 emissions per unit of GDP) was 22% more than the EU average. However, Portugal seems to be making progress to combat climate change. In 2019, Portugal’s share of renewable energy sources was around 30%. By 2030, Portugal is striving to make its target of 47% renewable energy, with electricity alone making up 80%. These targets are some of the highest in the EU for renewables. The sector with the highest emissions, the transport sector, reduced its emissions by over 10% between 2005 and 2019. The energy section reduced its emissions by 50% in this period.

Climate change in Portugal (Enrique)

During the process of accession to the European Union, Romania implemented concrete actions in 2005 such as the development of the National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change – adopted by Governmental Decisions – and has started the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme as well as other climate change related actions promoted by the EU. Based on the first National Strategy on Climate Change, Romania is taking important steps towards a targeted and coordinated national effort to meet the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol commitments, limit GHG emissions and deal with climate change effects that are to be expected, regardless of efforts to limit GHG emissions.

Climate change in Romania (Vasilica Viorica Mancila, Daniela)

Shifts in temperature and precipitation are expected, together with more frequent extreme weather events (storms, floods, and droughts) which are likely to make climate-related risks and damages become more significant. The most relevant possible impacts of climate change in Romania are: modification of vegetation periods, displacement of ecosystems, prolonged droughts, floods. Sectors potentially affected include agriculture, transports, energy supply, water management, health and households.

CLIMATE CHANGE IN ROMANIA

Romania has a temperate-continental climate of a transitional type, specific to Central Europe. The mean temperature in the winter period falls below – 3°C and in the summertime it ranges between 22°C and 24°C.

Total greenhouse gas emissions (tCO2e) per inhabitant in 2019

Romania supports the global cooperation to address climate change and implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Climate change in Romania (Liliana Stoiculescu)

The winter season in Romania has changed substantially during 1961–2010. The results show that the number of snowfall days decreased at 82% of these stations, suggesting a major change of the winter season; snowfalls are getting shorter and more intense.

Data over the period 1961-2007 in 94 meteo stations highlight significant changes in average seasonal temperature: about 2°C increase of average temperature during summer, winter and spring, and a slight trend of decrease of the average temperature in autumn

Bulgaria is characterized by two climatic regions: a continental climate in the north and a Mediterranean climate in the south. The country’s Mediterranean climate tends to be hot and dry in the summers and cool in winters. The mountains that differentiate the northern and southern regions have a significant impact on the country’s temperature. The continental north tends to have higher variation in temperature and precipitation compared to the coastal regions. Approximately 50% of the territory (5.2 million ha) is land used for agricultural purposes. An estimated 29.5% of the area is equipped for irrigation. Forests cover 34% of the total area of the country. The mean monthly temperature in the country ranges from -1℃ to 22 °C. Coldest temperatures are experienced in the northern winter months of December and January and warmest temperatures during northern hemisphere summer months of July and August. Over the past century, the region has experienced gradual warming while the intensity and length of heat waves has increased in the Mediterranean region. Monthly mean precipitation ranges from 40-71 mm and varies seasonally; May and June have the highest levels of precipitation while two periods (February and March, and August and September) have the lowest levels of precipitation. Precipitation has varied over the past century, with recent short-term increases in precipitation that have resulted in flooding.

According to the available climate change scenarios for Bulgaria, there is a trend toward increased frequency of extreme events and disasters, as demonstrated in more often occurrences of heavy rainfalls, heat and cold waves, floods and droughts, hurricane winds, forest fires, and landslides.

Climate change in Bulgaria (Maya Bakardrdzhieva)

Energy Bulgaria is currently not implementing any energy measures/actions explicitly targeted at CCA. However, a number of activities and initiatives in the sector mainly dealing with mitigation efforts provide synergies with adaptation. These include the following: • Integrated Plan for Energy and Climate of Republic of Bulgaria 2030 • National Investment Plan 2020 (with a main objective to ensure a sustainable transition to a low-carbon economy) • Diversification of energy sources (in particular, development of the gas network) and energy efficiency Forestry • Program of Measures to Adapt Forests in the Republic of Bulgaria and Mitigate the Negative Impact of Climate Change on them 2012–2020, adopted by the Executive Forest Agency (EFA) under the MAFF (UNECE 2017). • The Third National Climate Change Action Plan 2013–2020 defines a small number of adaptation measures in the agriculture and forestry sectors. • National Forest Inventory (NFI). Ongoing implementation of a full NFI is of critical importance to collect reliable data on the status of forest resources. Human health Individually, the sector representatives take part in a number of activities at the local, national, and international level, relevant to CCA. This includes participation in the process of policy making, educational activity, research activity, information provision, and public communication.

Climate change in Bulgaria (Maya)

In Spain, as in other countries, climate change has been translating into an increased risk of fires, lack of drinking water, floods, droughts and loss of crops. Forest fires and droughts marked everyday life in Spain in 2022, the hottest year in the country since records have been recorded. At the same time that other European countries were facing extreme weather phenomena, last year Spain recorded an average temperature of around 15.5 degrees centigrade, the highest value since 1916. From May to October, the heat waves were repeated, with maximum temperatures exceeding 40 degrees in many parts of Spain. In several northern cities, the New Year was also marked by new temperature records.

Climate Change in Spain (Susana and Olga teachers)

Climate Change in Spain (Susana and Olga teachers)

The possibility of the sea level reaching an increase of 3 meters in height is increasingly real. Precipitation in the form of snow is getting lower and temperatures are higher. If the sea level rise scenario continues like this, by the year 2100, large areas of land across the planet could be lost. In Spain, large parts of Barcelona, Santander, Malaga and Coruña would be completely flooded. Soon, the Doñana National Park would cease to exist and the Ebro river delta would disappear. All this would affect a total of 60% of Spanish fisheries and aquaculture. In addition to rising sea levels, scientists are also concerned about desertification, as 74% of Spanish land is in the process of desertification. It is also expected that 20% of the lands that are healthy today in Extremadura, Castilla La Mancha and Andalusia are in danger of desertification. This is a serious problem for agriculture given the reduction in arable land and the growth of world population. By losing hectares of fertile land, animal and plant species will be compromised, as well as human beings. The rural exodus to the big cities will increase causing the natural resources of the areas around the cities to be overexploited. Some of these resources are water so there will be a depletion of water and an increase in pollution levels.

HASAN ALMA Hacı Ali Mungan ORTAOKULU

CLICK HERE FOR DETAILED INFORMATION

Struggle with climate change

Olga Martins/Susana Varela: https://www.renovablesverdes.com/pt/cambio-climatico-en-espanahttps://pt.euronews.com/Source: suyader.com (Belkıs TOPSKAL-Merzifon Atatürk BİLSEM)

Elif Karakaya/ Enes Karakaya: https://www.globalgiving.org/learn/cost-to-end-climate-change/

SOURCES

GAME SECTION

AYTEN TEACHER

GÜLAY TEACHER

BELKIS TEACHER

SİNEM TEACHER

SEYHAN TEACHER

İSMAİL TEACHER

MELEKTEACHER

ELİF TEACHER

ENES TEACHER

MELEKTEACHER

VASİLİCA TEACHER

ENRIQUE TEACHER

LILIANA TEACHER

MAYA TEACHER

DANİELA TEACHER

HASANTEACHER

OLGA TEACHER

SUSANA TEACHER