Industrial Revolution in the UK

• A lot of water in UK
• A lot of mine and miner (Black Country, 1830)
• Coton from British Colonies

=a huge advance in the British society

Coal

iron

Water

Coton from colonies

Britains: a major source of raw material

transition from sailing boat to steamboat

• 1869 = "Suez Canal"= shorten the time of naviagation
• Britain had the half of the world in terms of ship in 1910
• New docks were built (london, liverpool)

• 1759-1761 = first canal from a mine to Manchester
• 1790s = "canal mania"
• 1840 = 6400km of canal in Britain

Waterways

18th c. 1830 = 35400 km of new roads Telford and McAdam

New road for travellers

New ways of communication

• Small, local and private station

Sous-titre

The Liverpool-Manchester Railway 1830

1763= first engine to be driven only with steam

• a lot of trip of locomotive full of coal
• 1850 = 10600 km of track

new machine which will make it possible to create new like the trains and to make it possible the development of the ways of making with the steam engines which help to make function the other machines (facilitation of work, engrainage working with the steam)

10 years later

• 1st steam machine by Devon in 1698

Steam machine: the most important creation

food can come from further away and can be brought further thanks to the speed of the trains

Trip in stagecoach less expensive and faster, further.

the strong presence of steel

• 1913 : half of the world's steel ship
• Vickers = first gun in steel
• 1900-1910 =Navy uses Vickers' warship
• 1913 : creation of stainless steel
• Britain lost the lead

10 years later

ship in steel

Ship in wood

To a second Industrial Revolution

But Britain also lost it lead place

Other branches (dyes, fertilisers, soap and explosives)

Making chemical : another major industry necessary to the wool and cotton textile industry (1780)

The workshop of the world

Machine tools : Helps workers make perfect parts with the right size

• Fist internal combustion engine =French
• First car was Germain

1846 : first modern oil from Russian Empire Rock oil mine in Poland in 1854 First modern Russian refinery in 1861 producted 90% of the world's oil

The revelation of oil/petroleum

For Britain:Joseph Swan For America : Thomas Edison = Ediswan light bulbs in 1879 Electric motor for the industry and transport. Could drive machinery, lifts tram etc 1880-1890 : powerhouses appears

1870 BlackPool illumination

The electricity revolution

Terribly hot and noisy, no fresh air or break. Only one window was open. Abominable stink of gas mixed to steam again 14 hours of work a day

Mining villages were cut off from the rest of the outside world and Britain until 1842 the Parliament published a inquiry about works condition

Workforce with children labour 14 hours of work

Physical

A lot of risks

Children died before 16 (beaten until they vomited blood) Workers were afraid of loosing their job because otherwise they would become "paupers"= people who need others to survive. In 1720, gin had been a popular way for the really poor to drink themselves to death

Human : social disruption

• Farmers made more profits
• swept away the times of the Middle Ages

• 1820 : Jethro Tull invented revolutionals tools which help a lot in the fields, faster than doing it by hand + Ploughs were stronger

A golden age for the farmers thanks to agricultural improvements

The growing city and urbanisation

For the richer people life was good, with shops and beautiful houses. But for the poorest, they lived in unhealthy neighbourhoods where diseases circulated rapidly, many would die before becoming adults

BUT

Cities especially London became more and more numerous Factories zones spread along the railways and stations By the end of the 19c, social conditions were much more comfortable

• At first, only the most skilled workers could form workers' associations, but after the strikes of 1888 and 1889, the less skilled workers could also form them. By 1906 there were 26.
• Laws in 1871 and 1875 put the different organisations on the same level

save their wages by dealing with gang-master who employed children and women

Had criticised the poor, for them the poor were poor because they did nothing to change their living conditions

Had always existed

Socials changes and extreme inequality

Struggle for democracy

• created in the mid 1830s
• Political demands named Six Points of the People's Charter : a gigantic petition bearing millions of signatures but rejected after having been presented 3 times
• Despite the failures, somes goals were achieved and the middle classes were happy with it.
• In 1867,Parliament passed a law banning children under the age of 8 from entering a gang

Chartism

• Women were the most of the time domestic
• They were not allowed to go to school so they learnt at home
• The men of the Victorian era thought that the married woman place was at home
• In 1878 women could hold the same ranks of Captains or Majors as the men but any law to help domestic servants
• No equality for working women even after the WW1

Queen Victoria (1837-1901 reigned years)

Women in the Victorian society

• After cholera grew worse in 1848
• Public Health Act (removal of refuse, treatment of infectious diseases, sewers...)
• Vaccination against Smallpox
• Compulsory for children in 1853
• A weekly pension for older people in 1908

2.Help for the poorest and health as a priority

• Children from 9 to 13 worked 8 hours a day
• Children from 13 to 18 worked 12 hours a day

=Only for children who were working in textiles factories

• In 1908 the Children's and Young Person Act made all children into "protected person" =their parents have to well-treated them

1. Children labour

Social Reforms

By Lola Desjardins 101

Thank for reading :-)