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Carina Chan
10 Stages of Genocide
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2. Symbolization

3. Discrimination

4. Dehumanization

6. Polarization

8. Presecution

5. organization

7. Preparation

9. Extermination

1. Classification

10. Denial

10 Stages of Genocide

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Carina Chan

Persecution Definition: Persecution is the beginning of genocidal massacres, and when a Genocide Emergency must be declared. A group is intentionally destroyed. First by being identifies and segregated due to their ethnic or religious identity, and drawing up a death list. As for state sponsored genocide, victims are forced to wear identifying symbols while their property is confiscated. Preventative Measures: To combat persecution those involved are punishable, and various preventative measures are mobilized while interventions are put in place. All while providing assistance to the victim group.

Preparation Definition: Prior to the mass killing of a group, national or perpetrator group leader jot out a plan--known as the "Final Solution"--to target specific groups, known as the people in "question". Furthermore, an indirect term is often used to disguise the true intent. Group leaders assemble armies and inoculate people with fear of the victim group. Preventative Measures: Arms embargos are used with the support of commissions. Prosecution of incitement and conspiracy to commit genocide ought to be included as prevention.

Polarization Definition: In the sixth stage of genocide--known as polarization--groups are driven apart by extremists, through propaganda broadcasts by hate groups, fortifying prejudice and hate. Moderates are ensured to be silent, as they are the leaders of those most effective in preventing a genocide. Preventative Measures: To combat the sixth stage, security must be provided for moderate leaders and human rights groups, sanctions should be inserted, and extremists should be seized.

Organization Definition: Organization is a prominent part of genocide, often implemented by the state or by terrorist groups. Plans are fabricated for genocidal killings by army units or militias. Preventative Measures: To avert this stage, membership in militias should be outlawed, and leaders should be prohibited from leaving their country. The U.N should enforce arms embargoes on those involved in genocidal massacres, while investigating violations

Dehumanization Definition: Dehumanization is the action of treating a group of people as less than human, making it more simplistic for the dominant group to murder them. Additionally, victims are made to be seen as villains. Preventative Measures: To counter dehumanization, one must outlaw hate speech or limit the freedom of speech by shutting down hate radio stations and banning hate propaganda, to prominent causations of widespread dehumanization. Furthermore, hate crimes and atrocities should be punished.

Discrimination Definition: Discrimination is when superior groups employ laws, customs, and political power to strip the rights of other groups. Resulting in the powerless group lacking civil rights or/and citizenship. Preventative Measures: In order to prevent discrimination full political empowerment and citizenship rights for all groups in society must be put in place. Discriminations need to be outlawed, and people should have the right to sue others if ones rights are infringed

Symbolization Definition: Symbolization can be classified as the action of labeling people—of a certain ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality, --through the utilization of symbols as a visual representation of hatred. Often resulting in genocide when it leads to dehumanization. Preventative Measures: Symbolization can be prevented through legal restrictions, however only if supported by society. Denial of symbolization can also be powerful. This was observed in Bulgaria as non-Jews chose to wear the yellow star, ultimately stripping away its importance.

Classification Definition: Classification can be described as segregating cultures into “us and them” based on differentiating factors such as ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality. Classification can result in genocide when societies become to segregated. Preventative Measures: Creating opportunities in a society for people from various backgrounds to coexist—such as working and living together—is the dominant preventative action towards genocide. In doing so, people become more open-minded and understanding of one another.

Denial Definition: Perpetrators attempt to conceal the evidence in addition to intimidating the witnesses. Perpetrators deny having committed any claims by blaming the mass murder on the victims. Eventually it leads to them fleeing into exile, all while continuing to repudiate their crimes unless they are captured and sent to receive punishments. Denial is almost guaranteed to come after mass murder. despite denial being a sign of the end of one mass killing it is also an indicator that there are more to come. Preventative Measures: Punishment by international tribunals or international courts is the most effective response to denial.

Extermination Definition: Essentially it is the end of the plan. Mass killing of victims take place, since the killers do not see the victims as fully human. It many result in an adverse reaction, when victim groups come together and perform revenge killings, producing a loop of mutual genocide. Preventative Measures: Only rapid and overwhelming armed interferences can put genocide to a halt at this stage.

Examples: During the Holocaust people were segregated into German and Jew. Similarly, people were divided into Hutu and Tutsi during the Rwanda Genocide

Examples: After the Holocaust perpetrators claimed that the Holocaust was invented or magnified by Jews in hopes of advancing Jewish interest. Perpetrators also burned bodies in hopes of getting rid of evidence of the genocide.

Examples: The Nazi killing program, also known as extermination camps, consumed the bodies of victims whole in crematoria and open fires.

Examples: During the holocaust people are separated into ghettoes, sent to concentration camps or starved to death.

Examples: Some indirect terms used include "ethnic cleansing", "purification", or "counter-terrorism". To instill fear of the victim group the saying "if we don't kill them, they will kill us" is frequently used.

Examples: Polarization was used by Hitler during the Holocaust--mainly during his election--as his speeches and election posters used propaganda to implant the idea of segregation.

Examples: Jews were often referred as rats during the holocaust, while Tutsis were called cockroaches in the Rwanda Genocide

Examples of Preventative Measures: After the Rwanda Genocide the U.N enforced arms embargoes on governments and citizens who took part in the massacre, and commissions were done to investigate violations.

Examples: Discrimination was displayed when the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, in Nazi Germany, was instilled to rid the Jews of their German Citizenship, as well as prohibit their employment.

Examples: Symbolization has been depicted in society through items such as the yellow star for Jews, and the blue scarf for people who originated from the eastern zone of Khmer Rouge Cambodia

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