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Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Professor: Vanessa Martínez

History of El Salvador

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Transcript

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Professor: Vanessa Martínez

History of El Salvador

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

AGENDA

- Warm-up- PIN activity - New content: Presidents of El Salvador - Practice Content: The republic and the coffee issues - Speaking activity: questions and answers about the movie. -Directions - developmento of complementary material.

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Think about your favorite fairy tale.How it would be written if the writer were Salvadoran?

WARM-UPStorytelling

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Think about a president of El Salvador and share with the class what was positive what was interesting and what was negative about that president.

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Julio Adalberto RiveraDon Diego VigilFrancisco MorazánManuel Enrique AraujoGeneral Tomás RegaladoGeneral Carlos Ezeta.General Fernando Figueroa

Doctor Rafael ZaldivarMaximiliano Hernandez MartinezGeneral Francisco MenendezGerardo Barrios.Arturo AraujoDoctor Angel GuirolaAlfonso Quiñonez Molina

Famous presidents in El Salvador

NEGATIVE

INTERESTING

POSITIVE

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

PIN

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Speaking activity

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

QuestionnaireWrite 10 WH questions about the subjectAnswer the questions.

Writing activity

Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

COFFEESUGAR CANECOTTONINDIGO

What are the main agricultural products of El Salvador?

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Between 1950 and 1970, Salvadoran coffee growing was the protagonist of a technological modernization, new varieties were introduced, such as bourbon, and the Coffee Research Institute was created.

CONTENT: THE COFFE

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In El Salvador, coffee was introduced in the mid-eighteenth century, precisely by President Eugenio Aguilar, and intensified by Captain General Gerardo Barrios.Gerardo Barrios introduced coffee to the east of the country, in the municipality of Ciudad Barrios on the Gavidia farm, owned by Barrios.

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From this farm, the planting of the plant spread throughout the municipality, becoming an area where coffee was obtained and then planted in other places. Thus, the coffee was obtained, planted, and harvested also in other municipalities.For many years, coffee has been one of the main agricultural export products in El Salvador.

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These factors, along with two decades of political stability, made one of the most productive in the country. Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador were known as the “Tres Jinetes Cafetaleros de Centro América”.

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When did coffee arrive to El Salvador? Coffee arrived in this country between 1800 and 1815. It began to be cultivated in the highlands of the Salvadoran mountain systems, under natural forest tree shade, just like than in their place of origin (Ethiopia). The first "boom" of the country's coffee agribusiness occurred 70 years later from the beginning of coffee cultivation, when this replaced indigo as the main product from exportation. In 1940, coffee already represented 90% of the total value of the country's exports.

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A small portion of the population became rich like you could never have imagined before. This group was composed of the main investors and traders, especially who participated in the expansion of the main export products, such as coffee and sugar. Families like the Álvarez, Araujo, Dueñas, Duke,Gallardo, Regalado, Guirola, Meardi, among others, formed this elite.

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A large part descended from landowner sand merchants who had accumulated capital through indigo production. In addition, the coffee expansion attracted a small group of European immigrants seeking increase their fortunes.

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When coffee began to be exported in El Salvador, There were two groups that with their hands made produce the land: the peasants and the day laborers. Although the poorest peasants also “day labored, ”There were important differences in the working and living conditions of both groups.

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The foremen earned approximately 25 pesos and the servants received almost the same as the pawns. However, the difference between these latter was established by the food. The servants, at just like the rest of the older workers category, they could eat meat, rice, cheese and coffee. Instead, the peonada only had the right to two tortillas with beans in the morning and at the end of the journey.

The Salvadoran working class was mostly composed of men and women with a very small salary. Their work was under direct control of managers and foremen. Such watchmen of the peons, servants and artisans They occupied a privileged place in the hacienda. The highest salary was that of the administrator, who received between 80 and 100 pesos a month, while that a peon only received 8 to 10 pesos.

Farm workers

Coffee cultivation in El Salvador is distributed in small areas throughout the country, many of which are concentrated in the northeastern part.

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Coffee growing areas

Historically, fourteen agro-exporting families, mainly coffee growers, concentrated the fertile lands. Dueñas, Guirola, Sol, Regalado, Salaverría, Álvarez, Borgonovo, Samayoa, Cristiani, Gianmattei and other wealthy families appropriated most of the country's land after 1886.

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Fourteen agro-exporting families, mainly coffee growers.

Historically, fourteen agro-exporting families, mainly coffee growers, concentrated the fertile lands. Dueñas, Guirola, Sol, Regalado, Salaverría, Álvarez, Borgonovo, Samayoa, Cristiani, Gianmattei and other wealthy families appropriated most of the country's land after 1886.

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Fourteen agro-exporting families, mainly coffee growers.

Between 1860-1930 European families arrived in El Salvador from devastated and war-weary countries willing to work hard to rapidly grow their businesses achieving successes and failures that positively and negatively impacted our society for almost 200 years.

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Origin of the Powerful Families of El Salvador

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El Salvador was forged as a coffee republic in the 19th century, in which coffee became the resource base of the exporting economy of the Salvadoran country. Coffee cultivation was introduced in El Salvador by President Eugenio Aguilar in 1846, during the time of President Gerardo Barrios this cultivation was intensified. It is where reforms arise for some families that they have the capacity to produce the “golden grain”. It is where the 14 producing families arise of coffee, called oligarchs. The coffee oligarchy took the front of the domain, as the highlight in the governments of the Meléndez and Quiñones families lasting from 1913 to 1927.

The coffee oligarchy was the one that created social inequalities in El Salvador and an abuse of power by oligarch families.

- El Salvador became a single producer and single exporter country where when coffee had a decline in world prices and other factors, this caused the oligarch families "landowners", they exchanged businesses as some moved to the cultivation of cotton making it the second product of the country.

- The Coffee Republic, is how it is called El Salvador due to the agricultural cultivation that began in the XIX century. Many presidents promoted cultivation for the economic benefits that the product I was going to leave the state.

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Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

CONCLUSIONS

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Start of cultivation.Origin of the crop.Conditions for cultivation.Time of product introduction.Time of the oligarchy.Main producers of the product of the time.Product expansion.Impact.World Market.Conclusions.

GROUP 1INDIGO

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Start of cultivation.Origin of the crop.Conditions for cultivation.Time of product introduction.Time of the oligarchy.Main producers of the product of the time.Product expansion.Impact.World Market.Conclusions.

GROUP 2COTTON

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Start of cultivation.Origin of the crop.Conditions for cultivation.Time of product introduction.Time of the oligarchy.Main producers of the product of the time.Product expansion.Impact.World Market.Conclusions.

GROUP 3SUGAR CANE

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What were the peace agreements in El Salvador?How was the process of the peace agreements?How many are the Peace Agreements?Who signed the peace Agreements?What is the importance of the Peace Agreements?

GROUP 4Peace Agreements

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Licda. Vanessa Martinez Clavel

Listening activity.

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