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-Edward Jenner was born May 17th 1749 and died January 26th 1823 in Gloucestershire - At the age of 14, he was apprenticed for seven years to Daniel Ludlow, where he gained most of the experience needed to become a surgeon himself. -In 1770, Jenner became an apprentice in surgery and anatomy under surgeon John Hunter and others at St George's Hospital, London. -Returning to his native countryside by 1773, Jenner became a successful family doctor and surgeon, practicing on dedicated premises at Berkeley. In 1792, Jenner obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of St Andrews. -He became a member of the royal society in 1788 -In the same year he married Catherine Kingscote with whom he would go on to have three children during their marriage. Sadly, his wife Catherine passed away in 1815 as a result of tuberculosis. -In 1796 he conducted an experiment on an 8 year old boy. and was a success. -With help from a colleague, he managed to legalize his findings and be appreciated by the British Society.

The Vaccination Act in 1853. Parents who failed to get their children vaccinated would be subject to a fine. A fall in the death rate due to smallpox. Reports of deaths and outbreaks created doubts about the effectiveness and safety of vaccines.

- Influenza , also known as the ‘flu’, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. - It is caused by a virus, which spreads easily through the air. - In many cases the disease is mild, with symptoms such as chills, fever and fatigue but it can also cause serious complications, particularly in vulnerable people. - For many years, we thought that the flu was caused by a bacteria called ‘bacillus influenzae’ which caused several problems to the creation of a vaccine. - It wasn’t until the 1930s that British researchers Smith, Andrewes and Laidlaw at London’s National Institute for Medical Research made a breakthrough when they isolated and identified the influenza virus. - Thanks to that discovery and the support of the US Army, the first inactivated flu vaccine was developed by Thomas Francis and Jonas Salk at the University of Michigan.

- Combination vaccines are a single shot that mixes several vaccines that could be given individually so that instead of having to take 3 shots each time you need to get a vaccine you can take only 3 shots for several vaccines. - These vaccines do not have any different side effects than a normal vaccine but people say that it causes more pain when you take a shot. - The development of combination vaccines for protection against multiple diseases began with the combination of individual diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccines into a single product. - This combined vaccine was first used to vaccinate infants and children in 1948. - Over the years we have seen the addition of other vaccines to the combination and the replacement of components to improve its reactogenicity profile like the replacement of the whole-cell pertussis antigen (wP) with a less reactogenic antigen (aP) in the early 1990s.

- The hepatitis B virus was discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. - Working with Dr. Blumberg, microbiologist Irving Millman helped to develop a blood test for the hepatitis B virus. - Four years after discovering the hepatitis B virus, Drs. Blumberg and Millman developed the first hepatitis B vaccine, which was initially a heat-treated form of the virus. - In 1986, research resulted in a second generation of genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccines. These new approved vaccines were synthetically prepared and didn’t not contain blood products.

https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Edward-Jenner/ https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/history-of-hepatitis-b-vaccine/ https://www.who.int/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068581/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3407399/ https://www.pasteur.fr/fr https://www.lyonne.fr/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

- Louis Pasteur decided to apply it to the study of a human disease. He chose rabies because it affects not only humans, but also animals on which he can experiment. - Since rabies is a disease of the nervous system, Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux had the idea of inoculating a piece of brain of a rabid dog directly into the brain of a dog but the dog ended up diyng. - The experiment was then reproduced on rabbits, which were less risky for the experimenters than rabid dogs. - After many passages from rabbit to rabbit, the incubation period of rabies is always six days: he succeeded in obtaining a virus endowed with a stable virulence. - Louis Pasteur then tried to obtain a vaccine by attenuating its virulence. To do so, he decided to suspend rabbit marrow in flasks where it was exposed to the air in an atmosphere deprived of humidity. - On February 25, 1885, Louis Pasteur, accompanied by Charles Chamberland and Emile Roux, announced this discovery to the Academy of Sciences, which appointed a commission to study the effectiveness of this method.

- Ivanoski reported in 1892 that extracts from infected leaves were still infectious after filtration through a Chamberland filter-candle although, normally, bacteria are retained by such filters. A new world was discovered: filterable pathogens. - Beijerinck, in 1898, was the first to call 'virus', the incitant of the tobacco mosaic. He showed that the incitant was able to migrate in an agar gel, therefore being an infectious soluble agent, or a 'contagium vivum fluidum' and definitively not a 'contagium fixum' as would be a bacteria. - Both scientists brought unequal but decisive and complementary contributions to the discovery of viruses which then became the first milestone of virology history.