gramamar topics

B1

Grammartopics

01 future

01 when I do/have done

• What are you going to do while I'm away?
• Before you go, there's something I want to ask you.
• Wait here until/till I come back.

Future happening

• We'll go out when it stops raining.
• When you are here again, you must come and see us.
• Don't forget to lock the door when you go out.

Main part

Amy is on a train. She's calling a friend.

You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when / after / until / as soon as:

• Can I have the newspaper when you’ve finished with it?
• Don’t say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.

We use the present perfect to show that one thing is complete before the other. The two things do not happen together:

• When I’ve phoned Kate, we can go out.

(= first I’ll phone Kate and aft er that we can go out) Do not use the present perfect if the two things happen together:

• When I phone Kate, I’ll ask her about the party.

It is often possible to use either the present simple or the present perfect:

• I’ll come as soon as I finish. OR I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished.
• You’ll feel better after you have something to eat. OR You’ll feel better after you’ve had something to eat.

02 if and when

After if, we normally use the present (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:

• I’ll be angry if it happens again. (not if it will happen)
• Hurry up! If we don’t hurry, we’ll be late.

We use if (not when) for things that will possibly happen (or not happen):

• If it is raining this evening, I won’t go out. (not when it is raining)
• Don’t worry if I’m late tonight. (not when I’m late)
• If they don’t come soon, I’m not going to wait for them.

We use when for things which are sure to happen. Compare:

• I might go out later. (it’s possible) If I go out, I’ll get some bread.
• I’m going out later. (for sure) When I go out, I’ll get some bread.

1 Don’t forget to lock the door when you go out / you’ll go out. 2 As soon as we get any more information, we let / we’ll let you know. 3 I want to get to the cinema before the film starts / will start. 4 Don’t drive through a red light. Wait until it changes / it will change to green. 5 Sarah will be here soon. I make/I’ll make some coffee when she comes. 6 I’m 20 now. I wonder where I’ll be when I’m 40/I’ll be 40. 7 I wait / I’ll wait for you until you’re ready, but don’t be long. 8 Oliver is five years old. He wants to be a TV presenter when he grows up / he’ll grow up. 9 We could meet for coffee tomorrow morning if you’re / you will be free. 10 If the weather is / will be nice tomorrow, we’re going to the beach. 11 Vicky is / will be very disappointed if she doesn’t get a place at university. 12 You’ll feel better after you’ve had / you’ll have something to eat.

Which is correct?

1 When you are (you / be) here again, you must come and see us. 2 I want to see Sophie before ________ (she / go) away next week. 3 Call me when ______ (you / know) what time you’re going to get here. 4 There’s no need to hurry. ______ (I / wait) for you until _______ (you / be) ready. 5 I’m going out for about an hour. ______ (you / still / be) here when _______ (I / get) back? 6 I think everything will be fine, but if _______ (there / be) any problems, ________ (I / let) you know, OK? 7 Kate looks completely different now. ______ (you / not / recognise) her when ______ (you / see) her again. 8 I’m going to be away for a few days. If ______ (you / need) to contact me while ________ (I / be) away, you can call me.

Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use will/won’t or the present tense.

Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 You and a friend want to go out, but it’s raining hard. You don’t want to get wet. You say: Let’s wait until it stops raining . 2 You’re visiting a friend. It’s going to get dark soon, and you want to leave before that. You ask: I’d better go now before ____________. 3 You want to sell your car. Mark is interested in buying it, but he hasn’t decided yet. You ask: Let me know as soon as __________________ . 4 Your friends are going to Hong Kong soon. You want to know where they’re going to stay. You ask: Where are you going to stay when ________________? 5 The traffic is bad in your town, but they are going to build a new road. You say: I think things will be better when they ____________. 6 Someone you know has been very rude to you. You want her to apologise. You say (to someone else): I won’t speak to her until ___________________.

1 Don’t worry if I’m late tonight.2 Be careful. You’ll hurt yourself ______ you fall. 3 I’m going shopping. _____ you want anything, I can get it for you. 4 I’m going away for a few days. I’ll call you _____ I get back. 5 ______ I don’t see you tomorrow, when will I see you again? 6 I’m watching a programme on TV right now. ______ it finishes, I’m going to bed. 7 We can eat at home or, ______ you prefer, we can go to a restaurant. 8 I hope Sarah can come to the party. It will be a shame ______ she can’t come.

Put in when or if

02 modal verbs

01 I'd better... or It's time...

I’d better do something = it is advisable to do it. If I don’t do it, there will be a problem or a danger:

• I have to meet Amy in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late.
• ‘Shall I take an umbrella?’ ‘Yes, you’d better. It might rain.’
• We’d better stop for petrol soon. The tank is almost empty.
• I’d better phone Chris, hadn’t I?
• We had better go now/tomorrow.

The negative is I’d better not (= I had better not):

• a: That jacket looks good on you. Are you going to buy it?b: I’d better not. It’s very expensive.

• You don’t look very well. You’d better not go out tonight.

had better (I'd better/you'd better/she'd better/he'd better...)

Had better is similar to should but not exactly the same. We use had better only for a specific situation, not for things in general. You can use should in all types of situations to give an opinion or give advice:

• It’s late. You’d better go. or You should go. (a specific situation)
• You’re always at home. You should go out more often. (in general – not ‘had better go’)

Also, with had better, there is always a danger or a problem if you don’t follow the advice. Should means only ‘it is a good thing to do’. Compare:

• It’s a great film. You should go and see it. (but no problem if you don’t)
• The film starts at 8.30. You’d better go now or you’ll miss the beginning.

had better and should

You can say It’s time (for somebody) to (do something):

• It’s time to go home. / It’s time for us to go home.

When we use it’s time + past (‘it’s time we went’), the meaning is present, not past:

• It’s time they were here. Why are they so late?
• It’s late. It’s time we went home.

It’s (about) time somebody did something = they should have already done it or started it. We often use this structure to criticise or to complain:

• This situation can’t continue. It’s time you did something about it.
• He’s very selfish. It’s time he realised that he isn’t the most important person in the world.

• Jack is a great talker, but it’s about time he did something instead of just talking.

it's time...

Choose the following verbs : check - disturb - go - put - reserve - take

Read the situations and write sentences with ’d better or ’d better not.

4 Rebecca doesn’t look well this morning – not well enough to go to work.You say to her: _________ this morning.5 You’re going to the cinema, but you’re not sure what time the film starts.You say: _______ the film starts.6 You need to talk to your boss, but she’s very busy right now.You say to a colleague: ___________ right now.

1 You’re going out for a walk with a friend. It looks as if it might rain.You say: We’d better take an umbrella.2 You and Kate plan to go to a restaurant tonight. It will be busy.You say to Kate: We _________ a table.3 Oliver has just cut himself. It’s bleeding and he’ll need a plaster on it.You say to him: You __________ on it.

better do did had hadn’t I’d not to take should was were

1 It might rain. We’d better take an umbrella. 2 Ben needs to know what happened. Somebody ____ better tell him. 3 We’d better _____ park the car here. The road is too narrow. 4 You ____ brush your teeth at least twice a day. 5 What are we going to do? It’s time ____ decide. 6 ____ better not be late. It’s an important meeting. 7 It’s time they ____ here. They promised they wouldn’t be late. 8 The window is open. You’d ____ close it before you go out. 9 We’d better leave as soon as possible, ____ we? 10 The government should ____ something about the problem. 11 It’s time the government____ something about the problem. 12 It’s time something ____done about the problem

Complete the sentences

More exercises

03 if and wish

• They are sentences that express intertwinened events, where one event depends on another event, i.e. that something can only happen if something else happens first.
• Conditionals sentences have two parts: the if–clause and the main clause.

IF- clauses

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

What are conditional sentences?

Match the sentence with its classification

If I had gone to the party, I would be tired now.

If I had gone to the party yesterday, I would have met many people.

If I won a million dollars, I would buy a boat.

Mixed Conditionals: Used for expressing a Past counterfact giving a present result

3rd Conditional | Past Unreal: Used for Past Counterfactuals (something that is contrary to the truth or that did not actually occur) or often used to express regret or mistakes.

2nd Conditional | Future & Present Unreal: Used for unlikely or impossible events in the future or for situations that are not true now.

1st Conditional | Future Real: Used to predict future probabilities. The speaker believes the event is likely and a real possibility.

If it rains tomorrow, I'll bring my umbrella.

0 Conditional | Present Real: Used to state general truths, facts, or habits.

If it rains, the streets get wet.

if you will just help other people get what they want.

stand up today.

you can do it.

the things you look at change.

you don't understand it well enough.

keep going.

You can have everything in life you want,

If you fell down yesterday,

If you change the way you look at things,

If you can dream it,

If you can't explain it simply,

If you're going through hell,

Quotes matching

II. Think about a folklore character of your country. Write a brief description of his traits or features and write two zero conditional clauses saying what is true about them.

1. IF SOMEONE LOOK INTO MEDUSA'S EYES, .......................................................... 2. IF SOMEONE SEES MEDUSA BUT THEY DON'T LOOK INTO HER EYES, ..............……………………. 3. IF SOMEONE LOOKS AT MEDUSA'S REFLEX IN THE MIRROR, ................................ 4. IF SOMEONE DOESN'T MANAGE TO KEEP THE EYES CLOSED WHEN APPROACHED BY MEDUSA, .........................................

I. Watch the video, and complete the sentences below with the correct information:

DRILLS

1. He's coming to our offices tomorrow. If I ________ (see) him, I'll give him the message. 2. We ________ (move) if we had the money. Unfortunately new houses are very expensive in this area. 3. If I _____ (be) a millionaire, I'd still work so that I didn't get bored. 4. If I ______ (tell) you a secret, will you promise not to tell anyone? 5. Do you think it would be better if I ______ (wait) another week, or shall I sell my shares in the company now? 6. If he causes any more problems, I _______ (fire) him. 7. Would you mind if I _______ (open) the window? It's really hot in here. 8. If I _____ (lose) my job, I'd apply to join the police. 9. Where would you go if you ______ (can) go anywhere in the world? 10. If you _____(see) her, say hello.

First vs. Second Conditionals

1. If I knew (I/know) his number, I would phone him. 2. I wouldn't buy (I/not/buy) that coat if I were you.Unfortunately new houses are very expensive in this area. 3. _____ (I/help) you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't. 4. This soup isn't very nice. ______ (it/taste) better if it wasn't so salty. 5. We live in a city and don't need a car, but we would need one if ______ (I/be) the in the country. 6. If we had the choice, _______ (we/live) in another city. 7. I wouldn't call you in the middle of the night if _______ (it/not/be) important. 8. If I were you, _____ (I/not/wait). _____ (I/go) now. 9. I'd make a lot of changes if ______ (I/be) the manager of the company. 10. You're always tired because you go to bed too late. If ____ (you/not/go) to bed so late every night, ____ (you/not/be) tired all the time. 11. I think there are too many cars. If ____ (there/not/be) so many cars, ____ (there/not/be) so much pollution. 12. We all need jobs and money, but what ____ (you/do) if ____ (you/not/have) to work?

1. Put the verbs into the correct form:

e. I don`t want his advice. and that`s why I`m not going to ask for it.

d. It would be nice to have hunch outside but it`s raining, so we can`t.

c. We`d like to go on a holiday, but we can`t afford it.

b. I like these shoes but they`re too expensive, so I`m not going to buy them.

If you didn`t live so far away, we`d see you more often.

Write a sentence with if... for each situation

a. We don`t see you very often because you live so far away.

If I were a boy

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh

What would you do?

1. You are in line and the person behind you keeps bumping on your back.2. Someone keeps on disturbing your leisure reading time.3. Someone makes fun of your looks.4. Someone wakes you up because he/she is inappropriately noisy.5. Someone sneezes a few times on your popcorn bag in the movie theater.6. A doctor uses a tiny rubber hammer on your knee to test your reflexes, but it hurts you.7. Someone is flirting with you, but when you eventually decide to take action and approach the person, you realize he/she is aiming at another person, not you.

Now check howRed, the Bird, did in those situations. How similar were your answers to his reactions?

The teacher begins with a sentence, for example with a first conditional: 'If I go out tomorrow, I’ll go to a beach.' The next person in the team relay must then use the end of the previous sentence .. If I go to the beach, I’ll sunbathe... If I sunbathe, I’ll get burnt… If I get burnt, I’ll go to a pharmacy…. Bear in mind you can include modals such as ‘might’ and ‘could’ in this pattern too.

1st Conditional chain

The teacher begins with a sentence, for example "If I were a dog I would sleep a lot" The next person in the team relay must then use the end of the previous sentence "If I slept more I could be more productive at work". Bear in mind you can include modals such as ‘might’ and ‘could’ in this pattern too.

2nd Conditional chain

Watch the movie segment and decide if the statements below are True or False.

1. ( ) Tin Tin didn’t know how to fly a plane ( ) He had to read the manual to learn how to fly. 2. ( ) The Captain and Snowy drank all the alcohol from the bottle. ( ) They didn’t have any alcohol to fill in the fuel tank. 3. ( ) The plane went straight into the thunderstorm ( ) The plane fell. 4. ( ) Snowy and the Captain tried to save Tin Tin. ( ) Tin Tin didn’t die.

II. Now complete the blanks with the conditional forms of the given verbs, according to the information presented in the segment. 1. If Tin Tin ____________ (know) how to fly a plane, he ___________ (have) to read the manual to fly it. 2. If the Captain and Snowy _____________ (drink) all the alcohol from the bottle, they _______________ ( have) enough fuel to fill in the tank. 3. If the plane ______________ (go) straight into the thunderstorm, it ______________________ (fall). 4. If Snowy and the Captain _______________ (try) to save Tin Tin, ______________________ (die).

The teacher begins with a sentence, for example with a first conditional: '.' The next person in the team relay must then use the end of the previous sentence .. Bear in mind you can include modals such as ‘might’ and ‘could’ in this pattern too.

3rd Conditional chain

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5cd096b50a7a24001a631f90?source=quiz_page

Quiz!

04 passive voice

past participle list

• make
• overtake
• own
• send
• show
• surround

• cause
• damage
• find
• hold
• injure
• invite

1 Many accidents are caused by careless driving. 2 Cheese ___________ from milk. 3 The roof of the building ________ in a storm a few days ago. 4 A cinema is a place where films ___________. 5 You __________ to the party. Why didn’t you go? 6 This plant is very rare. It _________ in very few places. 7 Although we were driving fast, we _______ by a lot of other cars. 8 In the US, elections for president _________ every four years. 9 There was an accident last night, but fortunately nobody __________. 10 You can’t see the house from the road. It ______________ by trees. 11 I never received the letter. It _____________ to the wrong address. 12 The company I work for _____________ by a much larger company.

01 Complete the sentences. Use these verbs in the correct form, present or past:

more exercises

Unscrumble sentences

Personal questions with passive voice

Speaking topics

Chocolate production process

Interactive acts

FCE Key word transformation Passive voice

Complex test

How a can is made

Complete the sentence Listening comprehension

Homework

Passive Voice & Urban Myths

05 causative form

+ She gets her son to do his homework by promising him ice cream when he's finished. I got the cleaner to clean under the cupboards.

+ I had the electrician look at my broken light. The doctor will have the nurse call the patients. The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.

+ The students get their essays checked. I'll get my hair cut next week. He got his washing machine fixed.

+ I had my car washed. John will have his house painted.

Get someone to do something (get + person + to + infinitive)

It's used when you cause the other person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or by asking them to do it, or by persuading them to do it. Sometimes, this construction has the feeling that we needed to convince someone to do something.

Have someone do something (have + person + infinitive)

In this strucutre we focus on who did the thing - we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for us.

This structure is also used to express services we pay someone to do something for us, but it's less formal.

We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying someone to do something for us. It's often used for services.

Get + object + past participle (get something done)

Have + object + past participle (have something done)

Causative: HAVE & GET

Unscrumble the words to form sentences

locksmith gardener roofer electrician carpenter bricklayer plasterer plumber

Match the service on the left with the profession on the right.

1. I need to have those pipes unblocked. 2. I need to have the lawn mown. 3. I need to have a new light switch added. 4. I need to have those walls made smooth 5. I need to have a treehouse made. 6. I need to have the doors made more secure. 7. I need to have those leaks fixed. 8. I need to have a new wall built.

+ Her story made me really happy. The traffic jam made us late.

+ That film made me cry. My brother often makes me laugh. She was made to work on Saturday, even though she hated working at weekends.

We can also use subject + make + object + adjective.

It can also be used to mean 'cause someone to do something' (the thing can be good or bad):

+ This student card lets you book discount flights. You can buy a pass which lets you visit all the art galleries more cheaply.

We can also use 'let' to mean 'allow' in the sense of 'make something possible'

+ His mother made him clean his room. The teacher made us study very hard. My brother made me laugh

+ David's mother let him use her car. Our boss let us leave early.

'Make' can mean 'force someone to do something that he or she doesn't want to do':

'Let' can mean 'allow' or 'give permission':

Subject + make + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without 'to')

Subject + let + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without 'to')

Causative: MAKE & LET

Extra exercises

ACT. 2

ACT. 1

have

lets

had

have

made

let

make

made

1) I really should ___ my teeth checked. 2) My dad never ___ me drive his car.3) My teacher ___ me stay late after school. I didn't want to.4) Do you know where I can ___ my suit dry cleaned?5) Has your girlfriend ever ___ you do her homework?6) We ___ our daughter stay up late on the weekend.7) Have you ever ___ a pizza delivered from that restaurant?8) My parents ___ me wash the dishes every day.

Choose the correct verb form of "make", "let" or "have"

Causative test

Causative acts - Bamboozle

Causative sentence re-ordering

Mixed causative

Have sb do/Get sb to do

Homework

Let or Make

06 reported speech

Paul said that he was feeling ill. (reported speech)

• When we use reported speech, if the main verb of the sentence is usually past (Paul said that … /I told her that … etc.), the rest of the sentence is usually past too:

Paul said that he was feeling ill. I told Lisa that I didn’t have any money.

• You can leave out that. So you can say:

Paul said that he was feeling ill. OR Paul said he was feeling ill.

Paul said, ‘I’m feeling ill.’ (direct speech)

You saw Paul yesterday and you want to tell somebody what he said. There are two ways of doing this:

Here like (simple present) is changed toliked (simple past)

Direct Speech → Peter: “I like to eat pizza.” Reported Speech → Peter said (that) he liked to eat pizza.

B. Backshift of tenses

Here I is changed to she

A. Change of persons/pronouns

Direct Speech → Susan: “I work in an office.” Reported Speech → Susan said (that) she worked in an office.

Here like (simple present) is changed toliked (simple past)

Direct Speech → Peter: “I like to eat pizza.” Reported Speech → Peter said (that) he liked to eat pizza.

B. Backshift of tenses

Here I is changed to she

A. Change of persons/pronouns

Direct Speech → Susan: “I work in an office.” Reported Speech → Susan said (that) she worked in an office.

Conversion of time expressions

Backshift of tenses

Change of pronouns

Here yesterday is changed to the day before

C. Conversion of expressions of time and place

Direct Speech → Susan: “I worked in the garden yesterday.” Reported Speech → Susan said (that) she worked in the garden the day before. an office.

(that) she didn't know

(that) there were twenty students in her class

(that) I could borrow hers.

(that) he would let me know next week.

(that) he hadn't seen her for a while

(that) she didn't want to go

(that) he sold it/he had sold it a few months ago

(that) it was too far

(that) she wasn't enjoying it very much

Fill in the gaps

Report what people said

direct 'Don't worry about me', Paul told me.reported Paul said not to worry about him.

When we report favors, orders or suggestions we can use tell somebody to.../ask somebody to.../ somebody said (not) to do something: direct ‘Drink plenty of water,’ the doctor said to me. reported The doctor told me to drink plenty of water. direct ‘Don’t work too hard,’ I said to Joe. reported I told Joe not to work too hard. direct ‘Can you help me, please,’ Jackie said to me. reported Jackie asked me to help her.

Say or Tell exercise

But it's also possible to say something to somebody:He said goodbye to me and left. What did you say to the police?

If you say who somebody is talking to, use tell - Tell somebody something Paul told me (that) he would help me. What did you tell the police? Otherwise use say: Rachel said you were in hospital. What did you say?

Say or Tell?

'Yes/No' question

Wh- question

Reported questions

Reported requests

Reported orders

Read the texts, then one student tell a summary from the text. And the other student has to report what was said.

Activity + explanation

Beatles song - speaking act

Reported Speech - Mixed

Homework

Reported Speech 1

07 past participle

Simple past + Past perfect

Do the quiz

Practice

Study the verbs' participle

It is a word with these traits: a. It is formed from a verb. b. It is used as an adjective or to form verb tenses. c. It is used in some grammar structures like passive voice, causative, reported speech d. It probably ends "-ed," "-d," "-t," "-en," or "-n".

What is a past participle?

08 verb tenses

had

had

will be

will have

will have

Tom has been waiting outside for 2 hours now.

She will have finished watching season 2 of GoT by 8pm.

Jane and Paul had been waiting in the queue for 20 minutes, before they were told to go home.

By the tine you called me, I had just left home.

Carlos has seen this movie so many times.

They will be coming over at 7:30pm.

Maria was cooking luch earlier.

We are not working right now.

We will go to the 2026 World Cup.

When I graduate, I will have been studying philosophy for 3 years.

She went to the bakery last week.

I am going to visit my parents next weekend.

I go to the cinema every week.

ALL verb tenses

Future Perfect + Future Perfect Continuous

Simple Future + Future Perfect

Simple Future + Future Continuous

Simple Past + Present Perfect + Past Perfect

Present Continuous + Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect + Present Perfect Continuous

Simple Present + Present Continuous

Simple Past + Past Continuous

Irregular Past Participle 2

Exercises

Irregular Past Participle 1

Thanks for your attention!