Roles in forensic science

Roles in Forensic Science

Forensic Biology/DNA

Forensic Odontology

Controlled Substances

Forensic ToxicologY

Forensic Anthropology

Forensic Pathology and Medicolegal Death Investigation

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"Chemicals that are legally recognized as having the potential for abuse are called controlled substances. This includes “street drugs” such as ecstasy or heroin and prescription drugs such as oxycodone. The ability to detect and identify such controlled substances plays a crucial role in aiding law enforcement agencies in their fight against drug abuse and drug-based violence." ^{1}

"Apart from fingerprint analysis, DNA profiling is the other commonly used forensic technique in criminal investigations. DNA being as unique to an individual as fingerprints, help forensic professionals identify or confirm an unidentified person, or to eliminate suspects from a list of accused. The biological evidence most commonly used for DNA profiling includes blood, saliva, semen, skin, urine, and hair. However, DNA fingerprints are usually never used as the single piece of evidence in the court of law." ^{1}

"This deals with the examination of compromised human remains or skeletons to help determine the age, height, gender, and ancestry. It also helps establish the time since death by identifying and examining injuries, if any. These analyses give valuable leads to investigators in identifying victims, especially in cases where the bodies are beyond recognition. " ^{1}

"Forensic odontology helps in the identification of victims when the body is left in an unrecognizable state. This is achieved through an examination of their teeth, the alignment, and the overall structure of the mouth. Forensic dentists or odontologists aid in the comparative identification of a person by examining the development and anatomy of the teeth including any restorative dental corrections such as a filling. It is often applied to criminal investigations for bite mark analysis." ^{1}

"Forensic Toxicology involves analysis of biological samples to check for the presence of toxins and drugs. This branch of forensic science is of prime importance in road accidents, poisoning, sexual violence, etc. The toxicology reports furnish key information about the nature of substances present in an individual pertaining to an incidence. It also determines whether the quantity of substances is normal as per a therapeutic dosage or exceeds the permissible level. Since newer variants of drugs are developed each day, this branch of forensic science is ever-evolving and demands an up-to-date approach. " ^{1}

"Forensic pathology is a branch of pathology that helps determine the cause of death by examining a corpse. Forensic medicine thus involves the collection and analysis of medical samples to deduce facts admissible in a court of law. For instance, the identification of wound patterns can help determine the weapon used to inflict the wound. Additionally, forensic pathologists can examine exit and entry wounds in deaths pertaining to the use of firearms or other projectiles. A forensic pathologist can, therefore, draw crucial inferences on whether the death is natural, criminal, or accidental. " ^{1}

Roles in Forensic Science

Impression and Pattern Evidence

Trace Evidence

CYBER Forensics

Ballistics

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"Impression evidence is the evidence created when two objects come in contact with enough force to create an “impression”. This could involve a two-dimensional impression such as a fingerprint or a three-dimensional one such as the marks on a bullet. Pattern evidence analysis involves the identification and analysis of additional information within an impression. Impression and pattern evidence when used in conjunction can help establish vital links between a suspect/tool to a crime scene. " ^{1}

"Cyber Forensics involves the analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media like pen drives, hard disks, etc. Its major objective is identifying, preserving, recovering, analyzing, and presenting facts and opinions about digital information. Although it is mostly used for the investigation of cybercrimes, it is also widely used in civil proceedings. Cyber Forensics has been used in criminal law since the mid-1980s, some notables ones being the Sharon Lopatka homicide case, and the conviction of Dennis Rader, Dr. Conrad Murray – Micheal Jackson’s personal physician, and Joseph E. Duncan III. " ^{1}

"Ballistics is a specialized forensic science that deals with the motion, behavior, dynamics, angular movement, and effects of projectiles, such as bullets, rockets, missiles, bombs, etc. The use of ballistics in forensics is mainly in criminal investigations. For instance, the examination of the bullet found at a crime scene can reveal what type of gun was used to fire it and whether it is associated with any other crime in the past. In fact, ballistic details are documented in a large database that is accessible by law enforcement agencies across the globe. " ^{1}

"Evidence such as fibers, soil, hair, gunshot residue, wood, and pollen are some of the many examples of trace evidence. It derives its name from its tendency to be easily transferrable between objects, people, or the environment during a crime. Trace evidence often plays a pivotal role in establishing a prime link between a suspect and the victim. For instance, a soil sample obtained from the shoes of a victim can give critical clues to the location of the crime and thus help in tracing the perpetrator. " ^{1}

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