2022 ENG Part 1 M2 L3 - Identifying Options to Reduce Drivers of

Identifying Options to Reduce Drivers of Ecosystem Degradation

Module 2 Lesson 3

START

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Welcome to Module 2 Lesson 3

This lesson focuses on identifying options to reduce the drivers of ecosystem loss and degradation, and to foster ecosystem restoration, including through sustainably productive interventions.

Objectives

In this lesson, you will:

Outline the primary drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem change.

Identify ways to reduce drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

REFERENCE

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Disincentives

Mechanisms that penalise people when they degrade biodiversity, and thus discourage them from engaging in activities which give rise to biodiversity loss.i

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Direct drivers

Drivers that unequivocally influence biodiversity and ecosystem processes (also referred to as ‘pressures’).i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

This information is drawn from the following resource: iIPBES. No Date. Models of Drivers of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Direct incentives

Mechanisms which are targeted to specific objectives and encourage people to conserve biodiversity by providing rewards for changed behavior.i

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Environmental inequity

The relationship between environmental quality and socioeconomic groups wherein low income groups are exposed to higher environmental risks than high income groups.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iPearce, D. 2003. Conceptual Framework for Analysing the Distributive Impacts of Environmental Policies. National Policies Division, OECD Environment Directorate. Available here (p. 4).

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Habitat conversion

The elimination or severe decline of the integrity of a natural habitat caused by a major, long-term change in land or water use. Drivers of significant natural habitat conversion of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems may include land clearing, replacement of natural vegetation by agriculture, permanent flooding, drainage and channelization of wetlands, surface mining, and/or severe pollution.i

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

This information is drawn from the following resource: iWorld Bank. 2001. Operations Manual 4.04 Annex A. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Habitat fragmentation

The division of ecosystems or habitats into smaller, less connected patches.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2008. Technical Series No. 10 - Interlinkages between Biological Diversity and Climate Change. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Incentives

Specific inducements designed and implemented to influence government bodies, businesses, non-governmental organisations, or local people to conserve biological diversity or to use its components in a sustainable manner. Incentive measures usually take the form of a new policy, law, or economic or social program.i

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 2).

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Indirect drivers

Drivers that operate diffusely by altering and influencing direct drivers as well as other indirect drivers (also referred to as ‘underlying causes’).i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iIPBES. No Date. Models of Drivers of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Indirect incentives

Mechanisms which encourage people to conserve biodiversity by setting in place general enabling conditions that will cause them to change their economic behavior.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Invasive alien species

A non-native species which threatens an ecosystem, habitat, or other species.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

This information is drawn from the following resource: iUN Term. 2010. Invasive Alien Species. A/RES/65/2. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Liability

Legal responsibility for causing damage or paying.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iMacMillan Dictionary. No Date. Liability. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Payments for ecosystem services

A variety of arrangements through which the beneficiaries of environmental services reward those whose lands provide these services with subsidies or market payments.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iWWF. No Date. Payment for Ecosystem Services. Available here.

REFERENCE

The following terms will be used in Module 2 Lesson 3. Please click the terms in the right hand panel to familiarize yourself with their definitions.

Perverse incentives

Mechanisms that encourage people to degrade biodiversity through the policies, institutions, or markets that form their source.i

Disincentives

Direct incentives

ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

Invasive alien species

Liability

payment for ecosystem services

Perverse incentives

Direct drivers

Habitat Fragmentation

INDIRECT DRIVERS

Incentives

Habitat Conversion

INDIRECT incentives

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 21).

Types of drivers

Drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem change can be classified into two groups:

DIRECT

INDIRECT

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

REFERENCE

Direct drivers

Direct drivers are those that unequivocally influence biodiversity and ecosystem processes. They may be addressed by measures which restrict certain activities or resource uses through monitoring and enforcement.

Habitat loss/conversioni

Fragmentation

Overexploitation/overharvestingi

Climate changei

Pollutioni

Invasive speciesii

Click on each driver to learn more.

Direct drivers include:

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resources: iIPBES. 2018. Summary for Policymakers of the Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Americas of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Available here. iiFAO. 2006. Livestock's Impact on Biodiversity. Chapter in: Livestock’s Long Shadow - Environmental Issues and Options. Available here (p. 182).

Habitat loss/conversion

Habitat loss is the main driver of biodiversity change in terrestrial and inland water systems. In particular, the conversion of natural systems including forests, woodlands, and grasslands to agricultural areas has diminished the area of natural systems and has often reduced species richness. Various meta-analyses have shown that species abundance and species richness declines after conversion in most cases.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. Target 5: Habitat loss and degradation. SBSTTA Review DRAFT GBO4 – Technical Document – Chapter 5. Available here.

Fragmentation

An area that is not fragmented provides continuous habitat. An area that is fragmented is poorly connected. One can envision a continuum of intactness from a pristine environment on one end to a totally developed environment on the other, with fragmented landscapes occupying the middle of the continuum. Many scientists consider the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats to be a leading cause of the decline and loss of native species.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2008. Technical Series No. 10 - Interlinkages between Biological Diversity and Climate Change. Available here.

Overexploitation

The overexploitation of natural resources means that human society is consuming too much of a species or good that ecosystems provide. This includes excessive hunting, collecting, and trade in species and parts of species.i Overexploitation of natural resources throughout centuries has widely disrupted the equilibrium within ecological systems, driving biodiversity loss and ecosystem changes worldwide.ii

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resources: iCBD. No Date. Biodiversity Glossary 1. Available here. iiCBD. 2021. Ecosystem Restoration. Available here.

Climate change

The interlinkages between biodiversity loss and climate change are complex, as one affects the other in multiple contexts. Climate change is a driver of biodiversity loss because it causes major shifts in species ranges and the marked reorganization of biological communities, landscapes, and biomes.iAt the same time, biodiversity loss makes ecosystems more vulnerable to climate change. For a given ecosystem, functionally diverse communities are more likely to adapt to climate change and climate variability than those with low diversity.iBiodiversity loss can even further lead to climate change. Certain drivers of biodiversity loss (such as deforestation, forest fires, and invasive species) affect global and regional climate through changes in the uptake and release of greenhouse gases and changes in albedo and evapotranspiration. Similarly, coastal biodiversity loss could alter the uptake of carbon dioxide by the ocean.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2008. Technical Series No. 10 - Interlinkages between Biological Diversity and Climate Change. Available here.

Pollution

Pollution from agriculture and other sources is a continuing and growing threat to biodiversity in terrestrial, inland water, and coastal ecosystems. Nutrient pollution from agricultural practices includes fertilizers made of nitrogen and phosphorus. This form of pollution, referred to as diffuse pollution, is observed to be the major driver of biodiversity loss in a range of temperate ecosystems and has more than doubled the quantity of reactive nitrogen (nitrogen that stimulates plant growth) in the environment compared with pre-industrial times. The main sources of diffuse pollution are run-off from cropland and sewage, which leads to eutrophication. Eutrophication is the process where excess nutrients enter bodies of water and stimulate the growth of algae and bacteria, threatening valuable ecosystem services in systems such as lakes and coral reefs, and affecting water quality.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Biodiversity in 2010. Available here.

Invasive species

Invasive alien species that are introduced to a new habitat where they are not native pose detrimental risks to the indigenous species and biodiversity in the habitat. Invasive species colonize these habitats, thereby altering plant communities and ecosystem processes by taking over native niches and creating new competition for resources. Invasive species are one of the major threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services because invaders generally exhibit some combination of high dispersal capacity, wide environmental tolerances, rapid reproduction, and fast growth, which allows them to establish and proliferate by outcompeting native species. For these reasons, invasive species are also considered to be one of the main drivers of species extinction.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iIPBES. 2018. The IPBES Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration. Montanarella, L., Scholes, R., and Brainich, A. (eds.). Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Available here (p. 169).

REFERENCE

Indirect drivers

Indirect drivers are those that operate diffusely by altering and influencing direct drivers. They are also referred to as ‘underlying causes’.i

Inequityii

Population and demographic trends

Economic growth

Weak governance systems

Click on each driver to learn more.

Indirect drivers include:

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iIPBES. No Date. Models of Drivers of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change. Available here. iiIPBES. 2018. Summary for Policymakers of the Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Americas of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Available here.

Population growth and demographic trends

The global population and per capita consumption is increasing, calling for a higher demand on natural resources. The rise in these demographic trends will increase the demand for energy, water, and food, each of which will contribute to direct pressures such as habitat conversion, overexploitation of resources, nutrient pollution, and climate change.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Biodiversity in 2010. Available here.

Economic growth

As the global GDP grows, so does resource consumption and pollution. Economic growth is based on the exploitation of natural resources through the expansion of activities, such as mining and fossil fuel energy extraction, extensive livestock ranching, and monocultural agricultural commodities. These economic trends are major drivers of the loss of ecosystems and biodiversity, facilitated mainly by the private sector with governmental support, and often a lack of adequate regulation.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: FAO. 2019. The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Available here (p. 74).

Weak governance systems

Without a responsible governance system, there is no enabling environment for the sustainable use of natural resources. The conservation of biodiversity requires cross-sectoral coordination and strong governance systems at local, national, and international levels. The lack of a holistic, multidisciplinary approach to policies, laws, and regulations is one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss. If relevant sectoral policies are operated by different agencies and not integrated into a broader institutional framework, then this serves as a hindrance to the adoption of ecosystem approaches.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: FAO. 2019. The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Available here (p. 215).

Inequity

Gaps in equality and equity within countries are known to cause greater biodiversity loss. This inequity could take the form of differences in gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and especially women, are important custodians of biodiversity and related traditional knowledge since they have a strong interest in maintaining the productivity of their local environment and co-existing with biodiversity. However, these groups are often marginalized and disadvantaged.Recognizing rights to sustainable management of natural resources, enhancing values of biodiversity and related knowledge, and building an environment for equitable benefit-sharing has the potential to improve socioeconomic and political inequality among social groups. For example, one of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of its genetic resources, as implemented by the Nagoya Protocol.i

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2018. Equity Plays a Role in the Management of Nature. Available here.

REFERENCE

Addressing drivers

Effective action to address biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation depends on addressing the underlying causes and drivers of this dynamic. This involves:

Much greater efficiency in the use of land, energy, fresh water, and materials to meet growing demand.

Use of economic incentives.

Communication, education, and awareness-raising to ensure that as far as possible, everyone understands the value of biodiversity, and what steps they can take to protect it, including through changes in personal consumption and behavior.i

Avoidance of perverse subsidies to minimize unsustainable resource use and wasteful consumption.

Strategic planning in the use of land, inland waters, and marine resources to reconcile development with conservation of biodiversity, and the maintenance of multiple ecosystem services. While some actions may entail moderate costs or trade-offs, the gains for biodiversity can be large in comparison.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Executive Summary. Available here.

REFERENCE

Efficient resource use

Efficiencies in the use of natural resources refer to consumption per unit of total economic output. Improved efficiencies mean that more economic output is produced using fewer resources. Strategies for increasing the efficiency of natural resource use include:

Extending product life cycles, improving the design of products, and greening value and supply chains.i

Creating business models aimed at offering high-quality services as an alternative to selling more products.i

Fostering circular resource use and circular economies by breaking from the linear economic model of “take, make, dispose” towards a circular model, which reuses, repairs, and recycles waste products.ii

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resources: iUNEP. 2017. With Resource Use Expected to Double by 2050, Better Natural Resource Use is Essential for a Pollution-Free Planet. Available here. iiIISD. 2021. The Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge. Available here.

Ecosystem protection incentives

There are four main types of ecosystem protection incentives:

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

REFERENCE

Economic

Regulatory

Risk reduction

Information

This information is drawn from the following resource: iParker, G., Johnson, N. & Brown, P. An Overview of Incentive Approaches to Ecosystem Protection. Available here (p.3).

Economic incentives

Economic incentives influence ecosystem restoration. The rivalness of consumption (whether the use of a good or service by one consumer precludes its use by others) and a good or service’s excludability (whether access can be restricted to those who pay), determine if markets reflect the value of ecosystem services.i Markets for public goods and common pool resources rarely emerge naturally. For this reason, producers, like farmers, do not receive a price signal for these non-market ecosystem services and under-produce them. Market-based incentives correct this market failure to manage and ensure the supply of public good and common-pool type ecosystem services.iSelect categories below to learn more about economic incentives.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Criteria for effective economic incentives

REFERENCE

Ways to create economic incentives

REFERENCE

Categories of economic incentives

Checklists for identifying and using economic incentives

Examples of economic incentives

This information is drawn from the following resource: iBryan, B. 2017. Incentives, Land Use, and Ecosystem Services: Synthesizing Complex Linkages. Environmental Science & Policy. Volume 27. Available here (p. 124-134).

Ways to create economic incentives

There are three main ways to create economic incentives:i

REFERENCE

As in Payment for Ecosystem Services schemes, determining liability for damages to ecosystem services incentivizes the protection of natural capital. In some cases, liability mechanisms may be more effective than Payment for Ecosystem Services or other policies, particularly in cases where accidents can cause significant damages to natural capital (e.g. oil spills) and where the responsibility for avoiding damages clearly rests with private entities.ii

By defining liability rules:

Through marketable permit systems:

Quantity instruments can influence two aspects of ecosystem protection: Restricting pollution levels so ecosystems can assimilate. Using tradable permits is a common strategy to achieve this goal.Restricting the total quantity and configuration of development in ecosystems that require a large, contiguous area of natural vegetation to maintain their basic functions. Establishing transferable development rights is often used to achieve this goal.

Through pricing mechanisms:

Negative incentives, like taxes and charges, which discourage behaviors that damage ecosystems.Positive incentives, like subsidies, which encourage behaviors that protect ecosystems. Charges, taxes, or subsidies must be large enough to create behavioral changes that affect the ecosystem function or condition. These mechanisms should be spatially targeted, coupled with monitoring efforts, and evaluated in terms of their impact on ecosystem functions or conditions. Subsidies, or payments for the provision of desired ecosystem conditions or services, are most commonly used for ecosystem protection. Subsidies can take many forms, including reductions of non-environmental taxes or direct payments. Income or property tax deductions are powerful incentives for conservation interventions like conservation easements, land donations, habitat restoration, and wildlife management.

This information is drawn from the following resources: iParker, G., Johnson, N. & Brown, P. An Overview of Incentive Approaches to Ecosystem Protection. Available here (p.2-6). iiPolasky, S., Guerry, A., Lubchenco, J. & Ruckelshausd, M. 2015. Reply to Phelps et al: Liability Rules Provide Incentives to Protect Natural Capital. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 112(39). Available here.

Criteria for effective economic incentives

To be effective, economic incentives should:i

Create behavioral changes within a defined area. The scale and boundaries of the area are determined by the ecosystem function and/or condition.i Coordinate with a monitoring system that tracks changes in ecosystem function and/or condition. Integrated and coordinated incentives, and monitoring programs encourage people to respond to the monitoring results.i Be evaluated through indicators that measure ecosystem function or condition. Such indicators should be reasonably easy to measure at appropriate intervals.i Target specific groups, activities, and sectors. Although it is possible to apply any type of incentive measure to any group, activity, or sector, groups respond differently to various incentive measures.ii Be politically, economically, and practically acceptable at all levels within biodiversity agencies, central government, the private sector, and local communities.ii

REFERENCE

Support wider goals and interventions specified in development or conservation plans.ii Minimize transaction, enforcement, and participation costs, and be easy to implement.ii Be evaluated through indicators that measure ecosystem function or condition. Such indicators should be reasonably easy to measure at appropriate intervals.i Be combined with a regulatory framework. Incentives alone are not only extremely costly, but also imply that people and institutions have little responsibility to maintain a safe and clean environment.iii

Work with other incentives to reach a broad population. In a diverse group of stakeholders, protection efforts need to use several types of incentives to be effective.iii

This information is drawn from the following resources: iParker, G., Johnson, N. & Brown, P. An Overview of Incentive Approaches to Ecosystem Protection. Available here (p.2). iiEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 19-20). iiiParker, G., Johnson, N. & Brown, P. An Overview of Incentive Approaches to Ecosystem Protection. Available here (p.13).

Categories of economic incentives

Although economic incentive measures can take a number of forms, they can be grouped into five main categories:i

Property rights: Measures which establish the rights to own, use, or manage biodiversityMarkets and charge systems: Measures which rationalise prices and improve markets for biodiversity-related goods and services. Fiscal instruments: Budgetary measures which apply taxes and subsidies to biodiversity-related goods and services.

REFERENCE

Bonds and deposits: Measures which require the provision of monetary security when economic activities are carried out, refundable against any biodiversity degradation and loss occurring as a result of that activity.Livelihood support: Measures which strengthen and diversify the livelihoods of people whose production and consumption activities impact biodiversity.

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 7).

Examples of economic incentives

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 22).

Checklists for identifying and using economic incentives

REFERENCE

This information is drawn from the following resource: iEmerton, L. 2000. Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme. Available here (p. 23).

REFERENCE

Strategic planning

The integrated planning and management of resources requires cross-sectoral decision-making for the sustainable use of natural resources. Strategies for the long-term planning of natural resource use may include:

Linking challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change with equal priority and in close coordination, if the most severe impacts of each are to be avoided.

Developing legislation to create a favorable environment to support effective "bottom-up" initiatives led by communities, local municipalities, or businesses.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Reducing further loss of carbon-storing ecosystems such as tropical forests, salt marshes, and peatlands will be a crucial step in limiting the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. At the same time, reducing other pressures on ecosystems can increase their resilience, make them less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and allow them to continue to provide services to support people's livelihoods, and help people adapt to climate change.i

This includes empowering Indigenous Peoples and local communities to take or keep responsibility for biodiversity management and decision-making, and developing systems to ensure that the benefits arising from access to genetic resources are equitably shared.ii

This information is drawn from the following resources: iCBD. 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Executive Summary. Available here. iiCBD. 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Towards a Strategy for Reducing Biodiversity Loss. Available here.

REFERENCE

Communication and education

Addressing the direct and underlying drivers of biodiversity loss requires behavioral change by individuals, organizations, and governments. Understanding, awareness, and appreciation of the diverse values of biodiversity underpin the willingness of individuals to make the necessary changes and actions and to create the “political will” for governments to act.To this end, it is important to undertake an assessment of the current level of biodiversity awareness in order to identify gaps and those groups whose awareness of biodiversity values is most important to the status of biodiversity in the country.

The information from such an assessment could help to identify and prioritize the types of communication and education actions which are needed, as well as identify the relevant messages and communication channels for different groups. The success of this step will depend to a large extent on the involvement of partner agencies, particularly those that have good communication, education, and public awareness experience.i

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iCBD. 2013. Quick Guides to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Version 2. Available here.

REFERENCE

Case study

The region of Southwestern Morocco is characterized by low agricultural productivity and significant water scarcity. Drought resistant argan trees dominate the landscape. However, the argan oil boom over the last few decades has failed to improve the livelihoods and reduce poverty. Fragmentation and degradation have caused low yield, and the land was no longer able to produce enough food for local communities. In Morocco, non-farm diversification of economic activities in a context of resource scarcity allowed people living in a developing context to improve their material living conditions, and reduced drivers of degradation and biodiversity loss. While households maintained some degree of subsistence agriculture as an economic security net, as a leisure activity, or for cultural reasons, economic activity was decoupled from environmental resources through diversification and risk management (such as increased entrepreneurship, livestock trade, and construction). As a result of the economic diversification, woodland cover increased and living conditions improved.

Reducing drivers of ecosystem degradation through economic diversification in Morocco

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

This information is drawn from the following resource: iLe Polain De Waroux, Y. & Chiche, J. 2013. Market Integration, Livelihood Transitions and Environmental Change in Areas of Low Agricultural Productivity: A Case Study from Morocco. Human Ecology, 41(4). Available here (p. 535–545).

Tools

IUCN: Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation

Restoring the Unrestored: Strategies for Restoring Global Land during the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (UNDER)

Payments for Ecosystem Services: A Best Practice Guide

This tool offers a flowchart which can be used to support identification of the most appropriate economic incentives.

This review underpins various challenges and plausible solutions to avoid, reduce, and reverse global land degradation, as envisioned during the UNDER, while fulfilling the objectives of other ongoing initiatives like the Bonn Challenge and the UN SDGs.

This guide can help with the design and implementation of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes. It is aimed at the key participants in a PES scheme. This guide can help with the design and implementation of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes. It is aimed at the key participants in a PES scheme.

This resource links forest restoration goals with agricultural production by promoting relevant financial incentives.

Fiscal Incentives for Agricultural Commodity Production: Options to Forge Compatibility with REDD+

Sustainable Financing of Forest and Landscape Restoration - FAO e-Learning Course

This course was developed to improve the awareness and capacities of practitioners and policy-makers to analyse FLR financial needs and opportunities, so that they are more effective at securing and coordinating funding for FLR interventions.

Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA): A Toolkit for National Focal Points and NBSAP Coordinators

This toolkit explains the processes that motivate and mobilize individual and collective action. It comprises a range of social instruments including information exchange, dialogue, education, and marketing.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Considerations

In this step, consider the following: Your stakeholders and rights holders are essential to determining the actions to reduce the drivers of ecosystem degradation.Addressing the drivers of biodiversity loss, including land-use change, fragmentation, degradation and loss, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change, and invasive alien species, is essential prior to restoration efforts. Otherwise, your efforts may fail. Ecosystem restoration generally costs more than avoiding degradation, and the loss of some species and ecosystem services might not be recoverable.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Congratulations on completing Module 2 Lesson 3!

The key points to remember from this lesson are:It is important to address both direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.Economic incentives can be particularly effective in reducing biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.

You should finish this lesson with an understanding of: Direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Steps you can take to reduce drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.

To put the information you have learnt to practice, review the Workbook ‘Assessment of Opportunities and Priorities for Restoration.’

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Technical Series No. 10 - Interlinkages between Biological Diversity and Climate Change.

Incentives, Land Use, and Ecosystem Services: Synthesizing Complex Linkages. Environmental Science & Policy. Volume 27.

Bryan, B. 2017.

CBD. 2021.

Ecosystem Restoration

References

CBD. No Date.

Target 5: Habitat loss and degradation. SBSTTA Review DRAFT GBO4 – Technical Document – Chapter 5.

CBD. 2008.

CBD. 2013

Quick Guides to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Version 2

CBD. 2010.

Emerton, L. 2000.

Using Economic Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation. IUCN Economics and Biodiversity Programme.

iCBD. 2010

Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Executive Summary.

CBD. 2010.

Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Towards a Strategy for Reducing Biodiversity Loss.

CBD. 2018.

Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Executive Summary.

Global Biodiversity Outlook 3: Biodiversity in 2010.

CBD. No Date.

Biodiversity Glossary 1.

FAO. 2019.

The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture.

FAO. 2006.

Livestock's Impact on Biodiversity. Chapter in: Livestock’s Long Shadow - Environmental Issues and Options.

IISD. 2021.

The Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge.

IIPBES. 2018.

Summary for Policymakers of the Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Americas of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.

IPBES. 2018.

The IPBES Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration. Montanarella, L., Scholes, R., and Brainich, A. (eds.). Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.

IIPBES. NO DATE.

Models of Drivers of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change.

Le Polain De Waroux, Y. & Chiche, J. 2013.

Market Integration, Livelihood Transitions and Environmental Change in Areas of Low Agricultural Productivity: A Case Study from Morocco. Human Ecology, 41(4).

MacMillan Dictionary. No Date.

Liability.

Pearce, D. 2003.

Conceptual Framework for Analysing the Distributive Impacts of Environmental Policies. National Policies Division, OECD Environment Directorate..

Parker, G., Johnson, N. & Brown, P.

An Overview of Incentive Approaches to Ecosystem Protection.

Polasky, S., Guerry, A., Lubchenco, J. & Ruckelshausd, M. 2015.

Reply to Phelps et al: Liability Rules Provide Incentives to Protect Natural Capital. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 112(39).

UN Term. 2010.

Invasive Alien Species. A/RES/65/2.

UNEP. 2017.

With Resource Use Expected to Double by 2050, Better Natural Resource Use is Essential for a Pollution-Free Planet.

World Bank. 2001.

Operations Manual 4.04 Annex A. The World Bank, Washington, U.S.A.

WWF. No Date.

Payment for Ecosystem Services.

Welcome to m2 l3

Types of Drivers

objectives

Glossary

Direct drivers

Efficient resource use

ECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONINCENTIVES

Indirect drivers

Strategic planning

Communication and education

Case study

Tools

m2 L3 Complete

Considerations

REFERENCES

Addressing Drivers

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

2022 ENG Part 1 M2 L3 - Identifying Options to Reduce Drivers of

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