English

Punctuation & Quotation

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Table of contents

When to use:

6. an apostrophe ( ' )

1. a full stop ( . )

7. quotation marks ( “ " )or( ‘ ' )

2. a question mark ( ? )

11. Exercise

3. an exclamation mark ( ! )

10. Sources

4. a colon ( : )

5. a semicolon ( ; )

8. a hyphen ( - )

9. Dashes

When to use a full stop ( . )

+ info

Full Stop

- to mark the end of the sentence

🠒 Lets have some lunch.

- to mark the end of a sentence fragment

🠒 Do yo like this sort of music? -Not really.

- in initials for people's names

🠒 J. K. Rowling

+ info

WHen to use a question mark (?)

Question Mark

- It's used for sentences that are questions

- Often (not always) beginns with wh-words

who, what, when, where, why

Example: When will we be arriving?

WHEN TO USE AN EXCLAMATION MARK (!)

+ info

Exclamation Mark

- at the end of exclamatory sentences

→Careful! That spider is poisonous.

- it loses its effect if it's overused

- don't use it in formal writings

instead of: "Make sure you're careful with the spider!"

try: "It's crucial to be careful with the spider."

+ info

WHEN TO USE A COLON (:)

Colon

- in front of a list

→I used three colors: green, blue and pink.

- in front of an explanation or a reason

→We decided against using three colors: one color would be enough.

- after introductory headings

→Color: blue

- in formal writings: between two main clauses that are connected

→Be patient: the next book has not yet been published

- to introduce direkt speech

→She said: "You owe me a new book."

- in front of the second part of a book title

→Farming and wildlife: a study

+ info

When to use a semicolon (;)

Semikolon

- to mark a break between the balance of two main clauses

Example

The engine roared into life. The propellers began to turn. The plane taxied down the runway ready for

takeoff

The engine roared into life; the propellers began to turn; the plane taxied down the runway ready for
takeoff

+ info

When to use an apostrophe (')

Apostrophe

- ‘s is added at the end of names and singular words

→ the planet’s atmosphere

- is added to plural words ending in -s

→ Your grandparents are your parents‘ parents.

- When the possessor is an inanimate object, the apostrophe is not used and the word order changes

→ the front of the house (not the house's front)

- to test wether an apostrophe is in the right place, think about who the owner is

🠒 the boy's books [= the books belong to the boy]

🠒 the boys' books [= the book belong to the boys]

- in front of a year or decade

→ he worked as a schoolteacher during the '60s and early '40s

- In contracted forms

Example: They've 🠒 have

You're 🠒 are

He's/she's/it's 🠒 has/is

He'd 🠒 had/would

We aren't 🠒 are not

Important information:

An apostrophe is not used to form:

→ possessive pronouns such as its, yours or theirs

→ the plurals of words like potatoes or tomatoes

+ info

When to use Quaotation marks (" ")or(' ')

Quotation

Double quotation marks None Single quotation marks

(" ") (‘ ‘)
Direct speech Indirect speech are sometimes used to

draw attention to a word

The word 'book' can be

used as a noun or a verb

Direct speech Indirect speech

Repeating what someone said, Repeating what someone said,

putting the phrase between without speech marks and

speach marks without necessarily using

exactly the same words:

Paul said, "I have a new car." He said he had a new car.

+ info

WHen to use

Hyphen

- connecting words with the hyphen means that the words form a unit of meaning

- you use it when both words are functioning together as an adjective before the noun

This rock hard cake is absolutely impossible to eat.

This rock-hard cake is absolutely impossible to eat.

It’s impossible to eat this cake because it is rock hard.

- combining a noun/adjective with present participle as a unit of meaning to describe a noun

🠒 There are some beautiful-looking flowers in the garden.

- BUT if the noun comes before the adjective, the hyphen is not used

- use it between numbers twenty-one and ninety-nine when they're spelled out

- when a number is in the first part of a compound adjective

🠒 the 10- minute speech

- with prefixes such as Ex-, Self- and All-

🠒 ex-wife / self-confident / all-rounder

- after compound adjectives with high and low

-> high-impact / low-level

+ info

when to use a dash (—)or(–)

Dash

Em Dashes

- can replace parentheses at the end of a sentence

- when you want to generate strong emotions in your writing

→ The white sand, the warm water, the sparkling sun⁠—this is what brought them to Hawaii.

En Dashes

- indicate periods or ranges of numbers

- it replaces 'to' or 'through'

→ The teacher assigned pages 12–16 for reading at home.

- connect terms that are already hyphenated or by using two-word phrases

🠒 The pro-choice–pro-life argument is always a heated one

Sources

+ info

Exercise

You have 10 minutes to do the tasks

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Thanks for your attention!

Sude, Gülsüm, Leonie and Sevval