What terms are appropriate (or not) to refer to them? .........................................................................................................................................................................
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Information about Indigenous people in Canada ? ........................................................................................................................................................................................
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2
Name : ...............................................
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Find some characteristics about the three Indigenous peoples in Canada.
What is the legacy of Indigenous people in Canada ? ...........................................................................................................................................................
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Differences between them? ........................................................................................................................................................................................
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Name : ...............................................
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3
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Name : ...............................................
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Consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
1534
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
1497
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
1763
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
1800s
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling in settler culture.
1900s
1876
1960
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
1940s
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
1985
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
1999
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
2012
2008
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
1534
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
1497
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
1763
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
1800s
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling in settler culture.
1900s
1876
1960
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
1940s
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
1985
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
1999
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
2012
2008
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England. Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Late 15th c./Early 16th c.
1763
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
1800s
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling in settler culture.
1900s
1876
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England. Jacques Cartier claimed the area which is now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Late 15th c./Early 16th c.
1876
War begins with the US. Europeans began farming and settling the land. Treaties started getting signed between the government and Indigenous peoples - some willingly, some under outright coercion.
1812-1815
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people were no longer self-governed, reserves were sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations were broken up and existing leaders no longer recognized. The goal was to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
Since Indigenous Peoples would not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decided to force them. It banned spiritual and cultural practices. Indigenous children were taken away to residential schools where they were taught settlers' culture.
1900s
1960
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
2008
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offered a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
Since Indigenous Peoples will not voluntarily ‘civilize’ themselves (i.e. assimilate), the Canadian government decides to force them. It bans spiritual and cultural practices. Indian Affairs agents exercise totalitarian control over the lives of Indigenous people, forcing them to adopt European norms. Indigenous children are taken away from their families for schooling.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
The Indian Act was passed : Indigenous people are no longer self-governed, reserves are sold to fund "civilizing" programs. Nations are broken up and existing leaders are not recognized. A Western electoral system is imposed; enfranchised citizens lose their status as "Indians". The goal is to assimilate Indigenous people into the mainstream society.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
1534
1497
1763
1800s
1900s
1876
1960
1940s
1985
1999
2012
2008
The Nunavut, an official territory that comprises a major portion of northern Canada, is created, giving the Inuit a self-governing land.
Bill C-31 recognizes autonomy and land ownership to native Canadians.
Three Indigenous women activists in Saskatoon lead a
teach-in on the omnibus Conservative bills affecting First Nations, which births the largest Indigenous mass movement in Canadian history : "Idle No More" calls for a renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous Peoples.
Indigenous people ("Indians") are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Jacques Cartier claims the area now known as Quebec for the King of France.
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
‘Pan-Indian’ organizing and resistance begins with the formation of groups like the National Indian
Brotherhood. This pressure forces the Canadian legislature to consult Indigenous people on the
Indian Act for the first time. The Act is reformed, and some of its more draconian aspects are softened
Indigenous nations continue to make treaties – some willingly, some under outright coercion – with colonial governments to safeguard their land and way of life. In return for accepting white settlements, First Nations are generally promised an inalienable ‘reserve’ of their traditional territory to live on.
Prime Minister Stepehn Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools (the last one closed in 1996)
The British Crown released a Proclamation acknowledging ‘Indian title,’ but also creating a process by which this title can be extinguished – treaties. The right to acquire Indigenous land is reserved for the Crown – affirming nation-to-nation diplomacy, but mostly so the Crown can acquire First Nations’ land
John Cabot sailed to Canada's East Coast ( Labrador) and claimed it for the King of England.
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