APA Training

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TESL RC APA TRAINING

Presented by Concordia's TESL Resource Center

Click on the following sections to complete the different modules of the training.

Home Page

Introduction

APA Paper Formatting: Beyond Referencing

Concordia's Academic Code of Conduct

Paraphrasing, Direct Quotations & In-Text Citations

Additional Resources for Students

APA Reference List Formatting

This online training aims at giving university students an opportunity to explore and gain knowledge on the different aspects of APA formatting. This training is separated in 5 modules on the home page. At the end of each module, you will find a "Test Your Knowledge" section where you can answer questions to check your understanding of the content of the module.

Introduction

Created for Concordia University, by the TESL RC Landscape in collaboration with Jennifer Sycamore, 2022. ©.

Throughout the training, you can always go back to the home page by clicking on this button

You probably already know that submitting someone else’s work as your own in university is a serious academic violation that can result in your expulsion from school. However, did you know that incorrectly citing a source can also have the same consequences? Let’s take a look at a more complete list of academic offenses.

Introduction to Concordia’s Academic Code of Conduct

Academic Integrity Violations:

PLAGIARISM

UNAUTHORIZED COLLABORATION

Info on academic code of conduct

Test your knowledge

SELF-PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism

According to Concordia's academic code of conduct, plagiarism is defined as:

Missing (and even incorrect) citations for:

Paraphrasing
Direct quotations (even from professor lectures and personal communication)
Reference to data or data sets

Reprint or adaptations of tables, figures, images (Seventh Edition Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 255)
Fabricated citations/Reference list entries
Padding reference list – references not included in text.

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Unauthorized collaboration

According to Concordia's academic code of conduct, unauthorized collaboration is defined as:

Asking a classmate for their answers
Borrowing a classmate’s assignment to see how they structured it
Working with a study group to complete an individual assignment (unless expressly permitted by the instructor)
Getting someone else to write your paper, even if it's original and properly cited, also known as contract cheating.
Using a file sharing website to access completed assignments
Showing another student your essay before it is due.
Sharing your login name and password with another student
Asking a student who previously took the course for their assignments.

**It is up to the instructors of each course to decide if, how much, and when collaboration is permitted. If it is not expressly stated in the assignment instructions, assume that the work must be done alone. When in doubt, ask your professor for clarification first**

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Self-Plagiarism

According to Concordia's academic code of conduct, self-plagiarism is:

Also known as multiple submissions: Resubmitting work you have previously submitted for a grade. This applies to all learning institutions, not just Concordia. This means you cannot submit an assignment at Concordia that has already been submitted at Concordia or another other learning institution you have attended.

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Test your knowledge

Introduction to Concordia's academic code of conduct:

Now that you’ve had a chance to explore a more robust list of academic integrity violations, let’s test your knowledge. Read the following scenarios and determine whether they are academic offenses or not.

Start

Read the following scenarios and determine whether they are academic offenses or not.

Scenario 1

Marc, Lindsey and Abdul are working together on a lab assignment for their Biology course. They are assigned to work together all term. The instructions indicate that they must work together to complete the experiments and then write and submit the lab reports individually. Marc suggests that they take turns writing up the report each week and share it with each other. Each partner could then reword the report and submit it.

Is this an academic offense?

Yes it is

No it is not

Concordia, University. (n.d.). Unauthorized Collaboration. Retrieved from https://www.concordia.ca/conduct/academic-integrity/unauthorized-collaboration.html

Yes, you are correct!

Next scenario

Oops, try again!

Return to scenario

Read the following scenarios and determine whether they are academic offenses or not.

Scenario 2

Sarah is writing a research report for one of her classes on the use of technology for language teaching. She finds the course textbook quite helpful in explaining several of the theories she wants to incorporate in her paper. She has reviewed the information so much that she feels she can explain it to anyone. As she writes about the theories she has learned in her own paper, she feels that citations are not necessary given that she is writing in her own words rather than using direct quotations

Is this an academic offense?

Yes it is

No it is not

Concordia, University. (n.d.). Unauthorized Collaboration. Retrieved from https://www.concordia.ca/conduct/academic-integrity/unauthorized-collaboration.html

Yes, you are correct!

Back to home page

Oops, try again!

Return to scenario

So now that you have a clear idea of what comprises an academic violation, let’s talk a bit more about paraphrasing and using direct quotations in your academic writing. Professors tell us that these are some of the most typical (and infuriating) issues they see in academic papers they receive.

Paraphrasing, Direct Quotations & In-Text Citations

Paraphrasing, Direct Quotations & in-Text Citations

Paraphrasing

Direct Quotations

In-Text Citations:Narrative Citations

Citing multiple works for a single assertion

In-Text Citations:Parenthetical Citations

Test your knowledge

Direct Quotations

It is most often preferable to paraphrase information into your own words. The reason for this is that paraphrasing allows you to synthesize information into the flow and context of your own written production. However, there are times when the use of direct quotations is preferable/necessary:

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How to use them

When is it necessary?

Technical terminology: There are times, often with technical terminology, when it is simply not possible to paraphrase. In that situation, you should paraphrase as much of the idea as possible, and include the technical terminology in quotation marks
A powerful statement by an author: When an author has said something you find profound or is a well-known quotation. Ex: “Knowledge, then, is a system of transformations that become progressively adequate” (Piaget, 1968, p. X).

Any time you use a direct quote in your writing, from an entire paragraph to a single term, you must include the page number from the source where you found it.

Paraphrasing

Click on the buttons below to get more information on how to paraphrase and when paraphrasing is necessary:

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How to paraphrase

When is it necessary?

An important note on how to paraphrase

You should almost always paraphrase information you learn from other sources as this allows you to put it in your own words and keep the flow of your written production.

The best way to paraphrase is to read and re-read the information you want to include in your work and then put it out of sight and write it in your own words. Then go back to the source and compare your writing to that of the original author to ensure that you haven’t simply memorized and written exactly what the original author said. And don’t forget, you still must cite your paraphrases! Otherwise, even though you’ve put the information in your own words, you are still plagiarising if you do not give credit to the original author of the idea/argument.

Often, students try to simply change the wording of a sentence from a source and this can be a dangerous practice. Only changing a few words, also known as patchwriting, is still considered plagiarism.

Important Note: Be clear as to what you are citing. Is this the author’(s) authoritative opinion or information based on empirical evidence? While both can help support your arguments, they are fundamentally different types of support. Using verbiage such as “Researchers have argued…” does not make that entirely clear - based on research findings? Or based on their opinions? “According to…” more clearly signifies an opinion, whereas “Research has shown….” signifies empirical evidence.

Parenthetical Citations

Parenthetical citations are used when author and publication date both appear in parentheses ex: (Jones, 1998). Click on the buttons below for information on how to use parenthetical citations in the following contexts:

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For sources with more than two authors

For sources with no author listed

For sources with two authors

Parenthetical citations can appear in the middle or at the end of a sentence. If it appears at the end of the sentence, the period would be placed after the closing parenthesis.

For a direct quotation

For sources with two authors, use a “&” sign to separate the names. Ex: (Jones & Smith, 1998, pp. 123-124) NOTE: This rule is different when stating the names in narrative form!

For sources with no author listed, include the title and year of publication. If the title is italicized in the Reference list, it should also be italicized in the citation. If the title is NOT italicized in the reference list, enclose the title in quotation marks without italicizing. Ex.: (“Understanding Language Acquisition”, 2016) or ("Language Learning", 2018). (See Section 3: APA formatting to determine which titles require italicization in the reference list)

For sources with more than two authors, in most cases, list the first author’s last name and then use “ et al.”. Ex: (Jones et al., 1998, pp. 123-124). Exception to this rule: There are times when you may have several works which share the same publication year AND have one or more authors in common where this type of formatting would make it unclear which reference you are citing. For example: Smith, Jones, and Miller (2018) and Smith, Jones, and Walker (2018). In these cases - please refer to the APA website for official guidelines to ensure there is no ambiguity in your citations.

For direct quotations, a page number must also be included. Ex: (Jones, 1998, pp. 123-124) (note “pp.” is used for multiple pages and “p.” is used for a single page)

Narrative Citations

Narrative citations are used when the authors are incorporated into the narrative of the paper. Ex: According to Jones and Smith…
The year is placed directly after the author’s name(s). Ex: According to Jones and Smith (1998)...
Do not include the title of the article. Just the author’s names and date (and page number if it includes a direct quotation)

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For sources with more than two authors

For sources with two authors

For sources with two authors, use the word “and” to separate the names. Ex: According to Jones and Smith (1998)... NOTE: this rule is different when stating the names in parenthetical form!

For sources with more than two authors, in most cases, list the first author’s name and then use “ et al.”. Ex: According to Jones et al. (1998).... Note: As mentioned previously for parenthetical citations, where using this format may create ambiguity (different sources appearing identical), please consult the APA website for formatting guidelines.

Multiple Works for a Single Assertion

There may be times when you find several sources posit the same thing. Your paraphrase gains strength when you can attribute it to more than one academic source, but you have to properly acknowledge that. Note: keep in mind that a long list of citations can impede readability and thus you should only include citations that directly support your statement. Click on the buttons below for more information on citing multiple works in a parentical citation:

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For several sources from different authors

For several sources from the same author(s)

For several sources from different authors, you list each source separated by a semi colon. Ex. (Jones, 1998; Smith et al., 2020; Shuman & Shumway, 2016).

For several sources from the same author(s), you only need to state the author once. Ex: (Smith, 2013, 2015, 2019). If any of the sources are missing a date, that article would appear first. Ex: (Smith, n.d., 2013, 2015).

Test your knowledge

Paraphrasing, Direct Quotations & in-Text Citations:

Start

Now that you’ve had a chance to better understand paraphrasing, quoting, and in-text citations, let’s test your knowledge

Paraphrasing

Below is an excerpt from a source. Click the button below to see three attempts at paraphrasing this information. Then select which paraphrasing attempt was the best.

Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). Paraphrasing. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/paraphrase_exercises/index.html

Original: “Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes (Lester, 1976, pp. 46-47).”

Click to see theattemptsat paraphrasing

Which paraphrasing attempt was the best?

Attempt #1

Attempt #2

Attempt #3

Oops, try again!

Return to question

Attempt #1 is in the student's words, however, it misses some of the key concepts!

Oops, try again!

Return to question

Attempt #2 is known as patchwriting. It is essentially the same as the original with a few changes here and there. This is considered plagiarism.

Yes, you are correct!

Next Question

Attempt #3 is completely in the student’s own words and captures all of the key concepts from the original text.

Paraphrasing: Try it yourself!

Try to paraphrase the following sentence:

Taylor, L., Chen, N., Tsagari, D., & Banerjee, J. (2016). Assessing Students with Learning and Other Disabilities/Special Needs. In Handbook of Second Language Assessment (pp. 377–396). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614513827-025

“Improved access to education and widening participation at all levels has led to a significant growth in the number and diversity of students with disabilities who are learning a second or additional language. This includes not only learners with physical disabilities (e.g., hearing or visual impairment) but also those with cognitive or learning difficulties (e.g., Down syndrome or dyslexia)” (Taylor & Chen, 2017, p. 377).

Click here to reveal the answer!

Did you...

Include a proper in-text/narrative citation?

Narrative: According to Taylor and Chen (2017)...
Parenthetical: (Taylor & Chen, 2017)

Put the authors’ ideas in your own words?
Avoid patchwriting or any other forms of plagiarism

Yes, bring me to the next question

not sure, let me look again

In-text Citations

Look at the following example and decide if it is a proper example of citation or not.

LoCastro, V. (2012). Pragmatics for Language Educators: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Routledge.

Yes it is

No it is not

According to LoCastro (2012), “cross-cultural pragmatics (CCP)” (p. 79) is gaining prominence in the linguistics world given the growing number of English speakers from a multitude of first languages and cultures.

Is this proper citation?

Yes, you are correct!

Next example

The page number is needed at the end given the direct quote of the technical term “cross-cultural pragmatics (CCP)”.

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Return to question

In-text Citations

Look at the following example and decide if it is a proper example of citation or not.

Schnur, E., & Rubio, F. (2021). Lexical complexity, writing proficiency and task effects in Spanish Dual Language Immersion. Language Learning & Technology, 25(1), 53–72. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/73425

Yes it is

No it is not

In their research focusing on the effects of task type, Shnur & Rubio (2021) found that the genre of a task has a significantly greater effect on lexical density than how complex the task is.

Is this proper citation?

Yes, you are correct!

Next question

When incorporating a source with two authors in a narrative citation, “and” should be spelled out. The “&” sign is only used in a parenthetical citation.

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In-Text Citation: Try it yourself!

Take the following reference entry and create both a parenthetical in-text citation and a narrative in-text citation

Reference entry: Kootstra, G. J., Van Hell, J.,G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism, 15(4), 797-819. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068X

Click here to reveal the answer!

Did you ...

Write the parenthetical citation like this:

(Koostra et al., 2012)

Write the narrative citation like this:

According to Koostra et al. (2012)

not sure, let me look again

Yes, bring me back to the home page

Now that you have looked at what comprises an academic violation and how to use APA to cite, paraphrase, and quote, let's look at other aspects of APA formatting. Specifically, let's look at asects of paper formating that are not necessarily related to citations or references.

APA Paper Formatting: Beyond Referencing

APA Paper Formatting

Test your knowledge

Headers & Footers

Paragraph

Appendices

Cover Page

Spacing & font

Spacing & Font

Here are the APA requirements regarding spacing and fonts:

You should use the same font throughout your entire paper and choose one that is clear to all readers. 11-point Arial (sans serif font) or 12-point Times New Roman (serif font) are the two most popular font choices.
Your entire paper should be double spaced
Your professor may have additional requirements. Check your syllabus and the assignment instructions.

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Paragraphs

Here are the APA requirements regarding paragraphs:

The beginning of each paragraph needs to be indented. Use the tab feature on your keyboard to achieve this. Doing it manually via the space bar can throw off the formatting when you send it to your professor.

There is no extra space between paragraphs. The indentation indicates the beginning of a new paragraph.

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Cover Page

Unless stated otherwise by your professor, all academic assignments should include a cover page. The following items should all appear on your title page (unless otherwise stated by your professor)

Paper title
Author(s) names
Department and University
Course number and name
Instructor name
Assignment Due Date
Page number (your title page is page #1)

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Click here to see an example of an APA cover page

Cover page example is taken from: Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). APA Sample Paper. Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_sample_paper.html

Headers & Footers

Here are the APA requirements regarding headers and footers:

The page numbers should appear right-justified within the header.
The page number begins with the title page and should run through the very last page of the document, whether that’s a reference list or appendices.
Be sure to use the automatic page-numbering feature in your word processing software program rather than manually numbering the pages.

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Appendices

Click on the buttons below to have more information on the purpose of appendices and on how to use them.

How to use them

Purpose of appendices

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Appendices are used to include supplemental materials that are helpful for supporting the paper’s content but would otherwise be distracting if inserted into the text of the paper. Some examples include:

materials used in research studies,
complex results charts,
participant materials,
etc.

Be sure that any materials used here adhere to ethical standards (i.e., be sure to properly cite materials that are not your own and protect the anonymity of any research participants).

Each supplemental piece of material included in the appendix should begin on a new page. If using only one item, the page can simply be titled “Appendix” (bold and center the text at the top of the page, using title case). If you have several appendices, label each with a capital letter beginning with A (Example: Appendix A, Appendix B, etc…)

Test your knowledge

APA Paper Formatting: Beyond Referencing

Start

Now that you’ve had a chance to better understand APA paper formatting, let’s test your knowledge

Spacing & Font

Which of the following line spacing is required in APA formating?

Single spaced

Answer options:

Double spaced

1.5 spaced

Yes, you are correct!

Next question

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Return to question

Paragraphs

True

False

True or false:An extra space between paragraphs indicates a change of paragraph in APA.

Yes, you are correct!

Next question

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Cover Page

Name of course

Instructor's name

Author's name

Paper format

Which of the following are NOT required on an APA cover page:

Yes, you are correct!

Next question

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Headers & Footers

Right

Left

Which side of the page should the page number appear on an APA paper?

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Yes, you are correct!

Next question

Appendices

False

True

True or false:Appendices can be used for: materials used in research studies, complex results charts, participant materials,

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Return to question

Yes, you are correct!

Take me back to the home page

Now that you have looked at what comprises an academic violation, how to reference within a text, and how to generally format your paper using APA, let's focus on the reference list formatting.

APA Reference List Formatting

Test your knowledge

Basic Rules for Most Sources

Rules for All Other Types of Sources

Basic Rules for Journal Articles

Most Common Reference Mistakes

Overview

Be sure that every source cited in your paper appears in your reference list, and be sure you have cited every listed reference in your paper. It is important to make this a final editing step as sources are often added or deleted in the writing and revision process. A simple verification process will ensure these align. To properly write your reference list using APA, your list must have the following formatting elements:

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Alphabetical Order

Hanging Indentations

Click here to see an example of an APA reference list

Reference list example is taken from: Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). APA Sample Paper. Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_sample_paper.html

Your reference list should be in alphabetical order! This will save your professor a lot of time as they verify your sources. Not doing this will require extra work and time from your professor which will make them unhappy while grading your work. Also, it is stipulated by APA guidelines.

For multiple articles with the same author(s), further, order those articles chronologically from earliest to most recent.
For multiple articles with identical authors and date, add a letter to the end of the year (beginning with the letter a) in order to be able to clearly link in-text citations to your reference list.

EX: Smith, J.K. (2016a) ... Smith, J.K. (2016b) ...

Be sure to use hanging indentation for all of your references. This means the second (and additional) line(s) are indented ½ inch from the left margin, but not the first. Again, be sure to use your word processing software program’s formatting features for this rather than manually indenting with the spacebar. Doing this process manually will likely distort the format when your professor opens it on their computer and could lead to a loss of marks. (Do NOT add an extra line between references. The hanging indentation achieves this visual separation of references.)

Basic Rules for Most Sources

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There are four basic elements of every reference, no matter the type: author, date, title, and source.

Knowing these four elements can help you create a reference even if you cannot find an example to model.

If any of the information is unknown (often its date or author), you will adjust the entry.

Click on the buttons below for more information on the following aspects:

Author Names

Titles

Punctuation

A period should appear after each element (author, date, title, source) However, no period after URL as it may impede link functionality.
Commas should be used between parts of the same element. For example, a common between each author’s name.
Italicize punctuation marks that appear in an italicized element.

Titles should reflect sentence capitalization, meaning only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.

Author names need to be inverted and first/middle names should be written as just initials (Ex: Smith, J. K.). APA 7 requires listing all authors for a particular work up to 20 total names, separated by a comma. The ampersand (&) should be used just before the final author’s name. For works with more than 20 authors, an ellipsis (...) rather than an ampersand should be used before the last author’s name.

image from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/basic-principles

Basic Rules for Journal Articles

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Given journal articles are the most common source type in academic writing, it's worth taking a few moments to focus on this source type specifically

The title of the journal should be in italics and have all major words capitalized (note this is different from the title of the article which uses sentence capitalization).

The journal volume number should also be in italics (but not the issue number nor page numbers)
Do not enclose titles of articles in quotation marks.
Sample journal citation:

DOI or URL?

taken from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/journal-article-references

For journals with a DOI, the DOI should always be included. For journals without a DOI, the work’s URL should be included, if possible. HOWEVER - only URLs from websites (not databases requiring log-in) should be listed with the reference entry... This is because this URL will not be retrievable for anyone who does not have access to the university’s library.

Basic Rules for all Other Types Sources

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There are many other types of sources you may need to properly cite in your academic writing. While the general rules usually apply, there are some exceptions given the unique characteristics of certain types of sources. Therefore, it is usually best to use one of the APA resource websites available to you through the Concordia library to ensure proper formatting. The official APA website is a great resource for this with examples of almost any reference type you can imagine - even how to cite TikTok videos.

Concordia Library APA Resource

APA Website

Most Common Reference Mistakes

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Trusting citation generators (from Zotero, the Concordia library and individual websites/databases) - while these are helpful, they almost always contain some errors (mainly improper use of caps and missing italics). It is critical to review these auto-generated citations carefully and revise them as needed to adhere to proper formatting guidelines.
Improper capitalization of titles. Titles should be capitalized according to sentence case (the first word and proper nouns are the only items capitalized). If there is a colon in the title, the first word after the colon is capitalized.
Improper use of italics
For journal references - Improper URLS in the reference and missing journal issue numbers.

Test your knowledge

APA Reference List Formatting

Start

Now that you’ve had a chance to better understand how to properly format a reference list and format the citations within it, let’s test your knowledge.

Reference Formatting: Find the errors!

Take a look at the following journal reference and try to identify the 4 errors in the entry:

Reference entry: KOOTSTRA, G. J., VAN HELL, J.G., DIJKSTRA, T. (2012). Priming of Code-Switches in Sentences: The Role of Lexical Repetition, Cognates, and Language Proficiency. Bilingualism, 15, 797-819. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068X

Click here to reveal the answer!

Did you ...

Find these four errors:

Improper caps used in article title. Should be sentence capitalization.
Improper caps used in author names.
Missing ampersand before last author’s name
Missing hanging indentation

Click here to reveal the correct reference entry

not sure, let me look again

Yes, bring me to the next question

Kootstra, G. J., Van Hell, J.G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism, 15(4), 797-819. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068X

Reference Formatting: Try it yourself

Use the following information to create a journal reference entry:

Title: Research on Corrective Feedback in ESL/EFL ClassroomsAuthor: Su, Ting; Tian, JinpingPublication title: Theory and Practice in Language Studies; LondonVolume: 6Issue: 2Pages: 439-444, number of pages: 6Publication date: Feb 2016Publisher: Academy Publication Co., Ltd.Place of publication: LondonCountry of publication: United States, LondonDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0602.29

Click here to reveal the answer!

Did you ...

Write a reference that looks like this:Su, T., & Tian, J. (2016). Research on corrective feedback in ESL/EFL classrooms. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(2), 439-444. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0602.29

not sure, let me look again

Yes, bring me back to the home page

We know it can be difficult to find reliable resources online.. Click on the button below to access a list of practical APA resources for students. These resources are all reliable sources of information approved by Concordia University.

Additional Resources for Students

APA Resources for Students

Concordia University Library’s Citation and Style GuidesStudent Success CenterZoteroAcademic Integrity

Name

Description

Access

A directory of multiple sources to help students properly cite academic work. Includes links to various websites such as the official APA website, Purdue University Online Writing Lab and internal (Concordia) guidelines and examples for proper citation formatting.Free (included in your tuition fees) one-on-one writing assistance available (on-line or in person) The Student Success Center is happy to review your work and offer suggestions for improvements and formatting corrections.Zotero is a desktop application that allows you to:Manage and organize the bibliographic references you find in library catalogues, databases, and on the webPrepare a bibliography or reference list automaticallyInsert and automatically format in-text citations and a bibliography into a paper using Microsoft Word, LibreOffice, Google Docs and other word processors and writing systemsGuidelines and official Concordia policy regarding academic integrity, conduct violations, disciplinary process, and resources.

APA Training

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