Spain in the 19th century I
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Created on December 30, 2021
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Spain in the 19th century I
The reign of Charles IV and the War of independence
The Reign of Charles IV
The reign of Charles IV was marked by the French Revolution. First, fear that it might spread to Spain stopped the Enlightenment reforms. Then the Prime Minister, Godoy, formed an alliance with Napoleon to allow France to send troops across Spain to invade Portugal (The Treaty of Fontainebleau). The invasion was successful, but Napoleon then used his army to take control of many cities in Spain.
THE REIGN OF CHARLES IV
The installation of French troops in Spain caused the Aranjuez mutiny (1808), a popular protest against the policies of Godoy. This obliged Charles IV to dismiss Godoy and abdicate in favour of his son, Ferdinand. Napoleon then persuaded the father and son to travel to Bayonne (France). He persuaded them both to abdicate in his favour and gave the throne of Spain to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte.
The War of IndependEnce
In March 1808, French soldiers had occupied Madrid. This was very unpopular, and on May 2, 1808, the people of Madrid rebelled against the French army, killing many soldiers. The French responded by executing anyone carrying a weapon. The rebellions soon spread all over Spain. The people didn't want Joseph as their king and formed juntas to govern the country. They were governing in the name of Ferdinand.
1. How did the Treaty of Fontainebleau lead to the French control of Spanish towns?2. How did the Spanish War of Independence start?3. Who did the juntas govern in the name of?
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The War of Independence
On June 6, 1808, the juntas declared war on France and this was the start of the Spanish War of Independence. In July 1808 the Spanish army defeated the French at Bailén, but in November Napoleon invaded Spain with more soldiers and defeated both the Spanish and British armies (sent by Britain to help the Spanish).By 1809, all of Spain was under French control, except Cádiz. The war continued for several years and there were no decisive victories.
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
In 1812, Napoleon took some of his best soldiers out of Spain because he needed them for his invasion of Russia. This gave the Spanish and British an advantage, and they won important battles against the French army in 1812 and 1813. Finally, in 1814 the French occupation ended and Ferdinand VII was restored as King of Spain.
4. Why did Napoleon need to send reinforcements to Spain in November 1808?5. What made the French army weaker in 1812?
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The Cádiz Parliament and "La Pepa"
During the Spanish War of Independence, the juntas established a parliament in Cádiz. Its purpose was to govern Spain in the name of Ferdinand as well as write a constitution. The constitution, which was adopted on March 19, 1812, is known as "La Pepa" and is the first Spanish constitution. Many of the parliament's representatives were liberals who believed in the ideas of the Enlightenment. They ensured that the constitution included many political reforms and gave new rights to citizens. The parliament abolished the Inquisition and the guilds as well.
THE CÁDIZ PARLIAMENT AND "LA PEPA"
In some areas, however, the constitution was quite conservative: it said that Catholicism was the only religion of Spain, and women were not considered citizens. The constitution was never fully implemented, as most of Spain was occupied by France. When Ferdinand VII returned to power, he declared the constitution illegal and arrested its main authors.
6. Can you think of any documents that you have learned about in previous chapters that may have influenced "La Pepa"?7. Why do you think that the constitution is known as "La Pepa"?
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