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TY BSc ID.
By : Tanmayee Gaikwad
Landscape
Design
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About E.A. Gutkind and his theory.

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TY BSc ID.

By : Tanmayee Gaikwad

LandscapeDesign

index

Funeral

Temple

Pleasure

Palace

Gardens of Egypt

Stage 4

Stage 3

Stage 2

Stage 1

E.A. Gutkind

E. A. GUTKIND

  • Earvin Anton Gutkind.
  • Born - 20 May 1886, Berlin.
  • Died - 7 August 1968, Philadelphia.
  • German-Jewish Architect and City Planner.

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E. A. Gutkind identified 4 stages of man changing attitude towards the environment over a known period of civilization.He has categorized this stages in 2 styles, namely I-Thou and I-It.

  • STAGE 4 : RESPONSIBILITY
  • STAGE 3 : AGGRESSION AND CONQUEST
  • STAGE 2 : GROWING SELF CONFIDENCE

E. A. Gutkind

STYLES

I - IT

I - THOU

  • STAGE 1 : FEAR

I-Thou - a period where people were close to the land and respected it.I-It - a period where people lost the connection with land and disrespected it.

Stage 1 : Fear

  • Included nomadic people.
  • They feared the unpredictable forces of nature
  • Longed for a sense of security.
  • Deep respect for land and dependability.
  • Direct relation with the land - Organic Interdependence.
  • Circular houses with the door facing outside.

Example : ICE AGE

  • 30% of land covered in glaciers - land manupilation impossible.
  • People lived nomadic lives - moved from one place to another.
  • Feared land and wild animals.
  • Believed in mysterious powers - carved animal drawing on wall caves.
  • Believed that the unpredictable forces and wild animals would fear the powers and stay away.
  • There was no sense of security - because of their nomadic nature.

Stage 2 : Growing Self Confidence

  • People became more comfortable.
  • Started understanding agriculture - mastered the art.
  • More rational adaptation of environment for different needs.
  • People work with nature - understand its process.
  • Learn man's limit.
  • Settled lifestyles - development of villages.
  • More trade.
  • Deforestation - more agricultural lands.

Paleolithic to Neolithic Age :

  • Transition period from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of E.A. Gutkind's theory.
  • Domestication of wild animals.
  • People helped each other - due to formation of villages.
  • Tools were made - for agriculture and hunting.
  • Agriculture became systematic.
  • Plantation in rows with pathways to walk inbetween them.
  • Furrows were built - Stored water and was transported by bamboo
  • First ever landscape manupilation.
  • Enclosures (made of stumps and branches) started forming around farms to keep animals away.
  • Megaliths (stone structure) of Gods were erected in farms and worshiped as religious symbols.
  • Intuitive land planning rather than geometric.

Stage 3 : Aggression and Conquest :

  • Dominance over land
  • Disregard land and expliot it with the use of technology.
  • Present situation.
  • Waste of natural resources.
  • Weakened relation between man and nature.

Example : AGE OF METALS

  • Started around 3500 BC.
  • Evidence of Urban Civilization.
  • Shift in mankind's idea
  • Less I-Thou and more I-It.
  • Construction of big surrounding walls.
  • Gardens had more religious meaning than being functional
  • Houses on elevated/higher grounds.
  • Fullfilled three purposes - Protection from flood and invasion and felt closer to God.

Example : ROMANS

  • First ever geometrical landscape design.
  • Attracted by material goods and beauty - liked lavish things.
  • Cities were built around military camps.
  • Gardens had main North, South, East and West direction streets and secondary streets parallel to main street.
  • Town square were segmentated.
  • Built aquaducts, agro-agriculture, streets, bridges, sewage tunnels and system of tunnels.
  • Started construction of apartment style buildings - to ease population.
  • introduced town and city planning.
  • Believed that emporor was part of polythesis system of God and a God themselve.

Stage 4 : Responsibility

  • People understanding their limits.
  • Use land and resources respectfully.
  • Our future

Example : CHRISTANITY

  • Came after the fall of Romans.
  • Hated Roman beliefs and ideology and opposed them.
  • They were deeply rooted in religion.
  • This middle age was marked as 'direct opposition to the wordly classical serenity and land geometry of Romans.
  • Agriculture, crop rotation, yoking of horses, oxes to plow, new flying buttresses, large structures of windmill and water mill.

THE GARDENS OF EGYPT

  • Palace Garden.
  • Pleasure Garden.
  • Temple Garden
  • Funeral Garden

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  • The people mainly depended on River Nile.
  • Water canals were used to fetch water.
  • Leather baskets were carried on shoulders to transport water.
  • Ampitheater style well structure.
  • Wells were used from 4th Century onwards.
  • Gardens - square in shapeand divided in 4 axises.
  • Surrounded by walls made of earthen material.

PALACE GARDENS :

  • Geometrical in shape - Grid Form.
  • Had large ponds -20 people can row their boat together.
  • Exotic and foriegn spiecesof plants and animals - from wars and as gifts.
  • Private Garden
  • Used by nobles.

EXAMPLE OFPALACE GARDENS

PLEASURE GARDENS :

  • Part of Palace garden.
  • Has standard design.
  • Rectangle in shape.
  • Lotuses and beautiful colorful spieces.
  • Steps were used to fetch water.
  • Garden surrounded by flower bed.
  • Large tree surrounds the ponds.

TEMPLE GARDENS :

  • Constructed after 4th Centurary.
  • Extensive in nature.
  • Used for mass ceremonies.
  • Temple of Amun at Kanark - has 26 kitchen, garden and botanical garden with exotic and rare plants
  • wells - 10m deep.
  • Some temples devoted themsele=ves to godess.
  • Godess in form of tree - trunk: body, branches: arms.
  • Believed that godess carried water to dead.

FUNERAL GARDENS :

  • Miniature version of house garden that is placed around the tombs.
  • Small square house/pavillion with wooden columns surrounding a wall.
  • Within a wall is a basin surrounded by rows of trees.
  • House resembled Kiosk in garden - owner would play checkers there.
  • Relax in chaos area.
  • Tomb surrounded by their favrite items.

THANKS

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