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Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
Unit 3 Review
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 8: Intro to Metabolism
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Chapter 8: Intro to Metabolism

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Unit 3 Review

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants

An Intro to Metabolism

Free Energy and Metabolism

Laws of Thermodynamics

Types of Cellular Work

Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Redox Reactions

Steps of Cellular Respiration

Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Photo Gallery

Light Reactions

Calvin Cycle

Electron Flow

Chloroplast

Click on a word to see the picture!

Photosystem

Photosynthesis Summary

Leaf Tissue

Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria

Light Reactions

Location: Thylakoid Membrane

Inputs

Outputs

  • Photons
  • H2O
  • NADP+
  • ADP + Pi

  • O2
  • NADPH
  • ATP

Light excites the electrons in the chlorophyll within each photosystem and the ETC forms a proton gradient that makes ATP with ATP Synthase.NADP+ is reduced by NADP+ reductase.

Calvin Cycle

Location: Stroma of Chloroplast

Inputs

Outputs

  • CO2
  • NADPH
  • ATP

  • G3P
  • NADP+
  • ADP + Pi

How many CO2 molecules are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?

6

Linear Electron Flow:

electrons flow through BOTH photosystems, generates ATP and NADPH

Cyclic Electron Flow:

electrons flow through photosystem I ONLY, generates ATP but NOT NADPH

Transport in Vascular Plants

Movement of Water

Stomatal Opening

Transpiration Rates

Cell to Cell= DIFFUSION

through plasmodesmata

Root to Shoot= BULK TRANSPORT

Movement of Water

through xylem and phloem

Factors that Affect Stomatal Opening

  • Light
  • CO2 Depletion
  • Circadian/Circannual Rhythm

Factors that Affect the Rate of Transpiration

Light --->

????

Increase in Transpiration by opening stomata

Wind ---->

????

Increase in transpiration by blowing water out of open stomata and mesophyll

Increase Temp -->

????

Decrease in transpiration by reducing the water potential gradient

Humidity -->

????

Increase in transpiration by causing H2O to move faster

Catabolic Reactions

AnabolicReactions

  • Complex--> Simple Molecules
  • Exergonic
  • Change in G is negative (releases free energy)
  • Occurs spontaneously/is energetically favorable

  • Spontaneous Process: a process that leads to an increase in entropy by itself and doesn't require an input of energy

  • Simple-->Complex Molecules
  • Endergonic
  • Change in G is positive (absorbs free energy from surroundings)
  • Doesn't occur spontaneously/is NOT energetically favorable

Equation for Change in G (click)

First Law of Thermodynamics:

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

  • The energy of the universe is constant
  • Principle of Conservation of Energy
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed

  • Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Entropy: a measure of disorder, or randomness

Chemical Work:

pushing of endergonic reactions that would NOT occur spontaneously

Transport Work:

the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

Mechanical Work:

contraction of muscle (the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes)

Inhibitors

High Temp -->

????

Denaturing

Low Temp -->

????

Slowing of Enzyme

Extreme pH -->

????

Increased RXN rate to a certain extent

[Increased Enzyme] -->

????

Denaturing

[Increased Substrate] -->

????

Increased RXN rate to a certain extent

Inhibitors -->

????

Decreased RXN Rate

Competitive:

NonCompetitive:

bind to active site

bind to allosteric site

Oxidized= loses e-

Reduced= gains e-

General Equation

  • Xe- + Y --> X + Ye-

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration=???

NADH + FADH2 (from NAD+ and FAD+)

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Oxy Phosphorylation

The Steps of Cellular Respiration

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

???????

Glucose

???????

Ethanol

???????

2 ATP

???????

4 ATP

???????

Glucose

???????

Lactic Acid

???????

2 ATP

???????

4 ATP

Fermentation= w/o O2 (only the step of glycolysis)

In the Cytosol

Occurs in the Cytosol

Glycolysis

"splitting sugar"

INPUTS

OUTPUTS

???????

Glucose

???????

2 Pyruvate

Energy Investment Phase

???????

2 ATP

???????

2 ADP

???????

4 ADP

???????

4 ATP

???????

2 NAD+

???????

2 NADH

Energy Payoff Phase

Net Yield: 2 ATP + 2 NADH

SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

The Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

INPUTS

OUTPUTS

???????

2 Pyruvate/Acetyl CoA

???????

6 CO2

???????

NAD+

???????

6 NADH

???????

2 FAD+

???????

2 FADH2

Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix

SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

Net Yield: 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

???????

2 ADP

???????

4 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Occurs in the Cristae

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Chemiosmosis

Electron Transport Chain

???????

O2 (final electron acceptor) + H

???????

H2O

???????

2 FAHD2

???????

2 FAD+

???????

6 NAD+

???????

6 NADH

ATP Synthase pumps

???????

H+

down to spin a turbine and provide energy to create ATP from ADP + Pi

Net Yield: 30-34 ATP

?????

30-34 ATP

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