AP Bio Unit 3 Review
Kendall Auffarth
Created on November 30, 2021
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Transcript
Chapter 8: Intro to Metabolism
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Unit 3 Review
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants
An Intro to Metabolism
Free Energy and Metabolism
Laws of Thermodynamics
Types of Cellular Work
Enzymes
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Redox Reactions
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Photo Gallery
Light Reactions
Calvin Cycle
Electron Flow
Chloroplast
Click on a word to see the picture!
Photosystem
Photosynthesis Summary
Leaf Tissue
Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria
Light Reactions
Location: Thylakoid Membrane
Inputs
Outputs
- Photons
- H2O
- NADP+
- ADP + Pi
- O2
- NADPH
- ATP
Light excites the electrons in the chlorophyll within each photosystem and the ETC forms a proton gradient that makes ATP with ATP Synthase.NADP+ is reduced by NADP+ reductase.
Calvin Cycle
Location: Stroma of Chloroplast
Inputs
Outputs
- CO2
- NADPH
- ATP
- G3P
- NADP+
- ADP + Pi
How many CO2 molecules are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?
6
Linear Electron Flow:
electrons flow through BOTH photosystems, generates ATP and NADPH
Cyclic Electron Flow:
electrons flow through photosystem I ONLY, generates ATP but NOT NADPH
Transport in Vascular Plants
Movement of Water
Stomatal Opening
Transpiration Rates
Cell to Cell= DIFFUSION
through plasmodesmata
Root to Shoot= BULK TRANSPORT
Movement of Water
through xylem and phloem
Factors that Affect Stomatal Opening
- Light
- CO2 Depletion
- Circadian/Circannual Rhythm
Factors that Affect the Rate of Transpiration
Light --->
????
Increase in Transpiration by opening stomata
Wind ---->
????
Increase in transpiration by blowing water out of open stomata and mesophyll
Increase Temp -->
????
Decrease in transpiration by reducing the water potential gradient
Humidity -->
????
Increase in transpiration by causing H2O to move faster
Catabolic Reactions
AnabolicReactions
- Complex--> Simple Molecules
- Exergonic
- Change in G is negative (releases free energy)
- Occurs spontaneously/is energetically favorable
- Spontaneous Process: a process that leads to an increase in entropy by itself and doesn't require an input of energy
- Simple-->Complex Molecules
- Endergonic
- Change in G is positive (absorbs free energy from surroundings)
- Doesn't occur spontaneously/is NOT energetically favorable
Equation for Change in G (click)
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
- The energy of the universe is constant
- Principle of Conservation of Energy
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed
- Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Entropy: a measure of disorder, or randomness
Chemical Work:
pushing of endergonic reactions that would NOT occur spontaneously
Transport Work:
the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement
Mechanical Work:
contraction of muscle (the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes)
Inhibitors
High Temp -->
????
Denaturing
Low Temp -->
????
Slowing of Enzyme
Extreme pH -->
????
Increased RXN rate to a certain extent
[Increased Enzyme] -->
????
Denaturing
[Increased Substrate] -->
????
Increased RXN rate to a certain extent
Inhibitors -->
????
Decreased RXN Rate
Competitive:
NonCompetitive:
bind to active site
bind to allosteric site
Oxidized= loses e-
Reduced= gains e-
General Equation
- Xe- + Y --> X + Ye-
Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration=???
NADH + FADH2 (from NAD+ and FAD+)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Oxy Phosphorylation
The Steps of Cellular Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
???????
Glucose
???????
Ethanol
???????
2 ATP
???????
4 ATP
???????
Glucose
???????
Lactic Acid
???????
2 ATP
???????
4 ATP
Fermentation= w/o O2 (only the step of glycolysis)
In the Cytosol
Occurs in the Cytosol
Glycolysis
"splitting sugar"
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
???????
Glucose
???????
2 Pyruvate
Energy Investment Phase
???????
2 ATP
???????
2 ADP
???????
4 ADP
???????
4 ATP
???????
2 NAD+
???????
2 NADH
Energy Payoff Phase
Net Yield: 2 ATP + 2 NADH
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
The Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
???????
2 Pyruvate/Acetyl CoA
???????
6 CO2
???????
NAD+
???????
6 NADH
???????
2 FAD+
???????
2 FADH2
Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
Net Yield: 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2
???????
2 ADP
???????
4 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Occurs in the Cristae
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Chemiosmosis
Electron Transport Chain
???????
O2 (final electron acceptor) + H
???????
H2O
???????
2 FAHD2
???????
2 FAD+
???????
6 NAD+
???????
6 NADH
ATP Synthase pumps
???????
H+
down to spin a turbine and provide energy to create ATP from ADP + Pi
Net Yield: 30-34 ATP
?????
30-34 ATP