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Group Leader: Alex Grant-Stuart
Group Members: Nabilafif Alam, & Alexander Tineo
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Group Leader: Alex Grant-StuartGroup Members: Nabilafif Alam, & Alexander Tineo

Start

Topic 5.5

Technology in the industrial age

SAQs

12

MCQs

11

Global Trade & Migration

10

Electricity & Communications

09

Second Industrial Revolution

06

Iron Production

05

Water Transportation

04

Coal Revolution

03

Oil

08

Steel Production

07

Essential Question

02

Quote & Explanation

01

index

Philosopher

Poet

Essayist

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

“Railroad iron is a magician’s rod, in its power to evoke the sleeping energies of land and water.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson is saying that the railroad iron possessed great potential and made changes so unexpectedly large, it could be compared to a “magician’s rod”. The railroad made trading faster and more efficient. It transformed potential into greatness with its ability to “evoke the sleeping energies of land and water”. Railroads were used to support trading, urbanization, and immigration, as people were able to travel a great distance in a short amount of time by steamtrain.

Quote explanation

Because of the coal revolution, the second industrial revolution, and improved global trade and migration, technology shaped economic production by improving the means of production and boosting the economy. During the coal revolution, machinery used the power of coal to generate steam and electricity, which were then used in factories. Steel production was made possible during the second industrial revolution due to innovations like the Bessemer Process. Oil, during the 19th century, specifically the 1860s, was used as a source of energy. Electricity was used to further develop products in telecommunication (such as the use of telegrams and radios). New technologies also made global trade more efficient and feasible (such as the use of steamships and steamtrains).

How did technology shape economic production during the period from 1750 to 1900?

Coal revolution

One new technology developed during this period (which is still used today) was the use of coal to harness power, providing electricity. This was done through the use of the steam engine, created by James Watt in 1765 which used coal to create steam which would turn generators, sequentially producing electricity. This would be used to provide electricity for machinery that would be used in factories. Coal power would be used in two main ways, on water transportation and the mass production of iron.

The SS Savannah (upper) was the first steam-powered ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. (1819)

-Before the use of steam engines, ships would depend on wind in order to travel anywhere. However, the use of the steam engine allowed for ships to be used more efficiently. Energy production was more mobile and reliable. -Ships no longer needed to rely on the wind in order to travel. Ships were able to travel quickly (up to 5 mph), and they were able to travel upstream without having to be towed up by people or animals on the shore .-As steam engines gained popularity, coaling stations were created and established on trade routes. These coaling stations refueled the ships with coal so they could run. -As transportation by water became more viable and efficient, trade benefited as the transportation of goods were able to be conducted more efficiently, thus boosting the economy.

Water Transportation

-Although iron was produced before the introduction of coal power, mass iron production was not efficient, nor feasible. However, coal made the mass production of iron feasible. -This was feasible through the use of coke, a refined form of coal, which allowed for the use of larger iron furnaces, in turn increasing productivity and production of iron. -However, iron was not flexible enough to use for various purposes. This was solved by Englishman Henry Cort who in 1794, patented the process for making more flexible iron. -This iron would be heavily used in the transportation industry, such as in the construction of railroads, trains, steam ships, and more. This, in turn, boosted the economy as methods of transportation was critical to trade and the transportation of various goods and peoples across large distances.

Iron production

Second Industrial Revolution (1870s-1910s)

Electricity and Communications

Oil

Steel Production

(Telephones, and radios)

(Petroleum, Automobiles and Airplanes)

(Bessemer Process)

The Bessemer Process

Steel is an alloy (a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements) of iron and carbon. Its mass production was not possible until the introduction of the Bessemer Process (1856). -This process blasted molten metal with air in order to rid the metal of impurities, and keep the metal from solidifying so they can shape the metal into useful items. -The Bessemer Process allowed for steel to become a very important material in the society now focused on industry.

steel Production

Kerosene lamp , Kerosene Heater

In the 19th century, the first oil wells for commercial purposes were created. -Petroleum is a fossil fuel. Kerosene, which is a product from petroleum, was used for lighting purposes in the form of lamps. Kerosene was also used for heaters. -Chemical techniques developed by inventors (1847) to extract kerosene from petroleum led to other developments such as precision machinery and internal combustion engines.-These developments led to the development of automobiles and airplanes. These vehicles used gasoline (product from petroleum) as a fuel, giving more importance to oil.

Oil

-In London 1882, the first public power station was established which then led to street lighting and electric street trains later on. -After the advances in technology and the use of electricity, inventors sought to transmit sound via electricity.-Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, received a patent for the telephone. The early phones were low in quality, but were later made more practical due to Thomas Edison’s refined voice transmitter.-The first radio was developed after experiments conducted by Gugliemo Marconi (Italian Physicist) when (in 1901) he sent and received a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean.

Electricity & Communications

The world's first electric street train was invented by Werner Von Sieman (German electrical engineer) and used in May 12 1881 in Berlin

The worlds first public power station, the Edison Electric Light Station was established in the 1890s in London which was a project of Thomas Edison

The first electric street lighting was used in Paris (1878). Later on they would replace gas lamps on poles that were commonly used as street lighting

Electric Street Train

First Public Power Station

Street Lighting

Global Trade and Migration

-The Transcontinental Railroad which connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (completed in 1869) and the construction of other railroads helped boost U.S industrial growth and allowed for the U.S to become a major industrial power as the U.S. now could transport their vast amounts of natural resources (ex. Oil and coal) efficiently (via railroads).-The inventions from the industrial revolution linked people around the world for the first time. Major powers like Great Britain established colonies to gain resources to boost industrialization. -These new inventions allowed for the exploration and development of interior regions (a region that is inside or on the inside), causing increased trade and migration to these areas.

Global Trade and Migration

Transcontinental Railroad

Source: Library of Congress A girl working in a textile factory in the Industrial Revolution

Multiple-choice questions

Which statement provides the best context for interpreting this photo?

(A) Machines used in factories during the Industrial Revolution were similar to the ones used in cottage industries.(B) One effect of the industrialization was that girls and boys worked side by side rather than in separate jobs. (C) As the Bessemer Process improved, textile machines became faster and more sophisticated. (D) The Industrial Revolution led to a division of labor that meant employees began to do highly specialized work.

Source: Library of Congress A girl working in a textile factory in the Industrial Revolution

Multiple-choice questions

Work in textile mills was most closely related to which technological breakthrough of the late 19th century?

(A) The use of electrical power (B) The reliance on rivers for power (C) The telegraph (D) The Transcontinental Railroad

Source: Library of Congress A girl working in a textile factory in the Industrial Revolution

Multiple-choice questions

The photo can be used to demonstrate which of the following long-term effects of the Industrial Age?

(A) The growth in international trade (B) The problem of water pollution (C) The expansion of the workforce (D) The increase in the population

1. Use the image to the side to answer all parts of the question that follows.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Short Answer (1.)

C.

B.

A.

Subtitle

Short Answer (2.)

C.

B.

A.

Subtitle

Thank You!

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