2nd Unit Liberal Revolutions

EUROPE

19TH CENTURY

IN 1820, 1830 AND 1848, LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS SPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE WITHOUT CONTROL.AFTER THE FAILED CONGRESS OF VIENNA IN 1815, EUROPEAN BOURGEOISIE ENCOURAGED REVOLTS IN SOME EUROPEAN KINGDOMS IN ORDER TO OBTAIN LIBERTY AND PARLIAMENTARY REGIMES. DEPENDING OF EACH SITUATION, THERE WERE TWO TYPES, UNIFYING REVOLUTIONS AND SEPARATIST REVOLUTIONS

1848

"THE SPRING OF NATIONS" FRANCE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE GERMANY ITALY

1830

BELGIUM FRANCE

1820

SPAIN GREECE

GREECE - 1821-1830 (GREEN INDEPENDENCE) INFLUENCED BY REVOLUTIONS IN SPAIN AND SOUTH OF ITALY, GREEKS WANTED TO BE INDEPENDENT FROM TURKS (THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE) THEY RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM FRANCE, GB AND RUSSIA AFTER A SEVERE WAR, GREEKS OBTAINED THEIR LIBERTY AND FOUNDED A NEW KINGDOM IN EUROPE

SPAIN - 1820-1823 (LIBERAL TRIENNIUM) SPANIARDS REBELLED AGAINST THEIR ABSOLUTIST KING, FERNANDO VII. PEOPLE FORCED HIM TO ACCEPT THE FIRST SPANISH CONSTITUTION OF 1812. AFTER 3 LIBERAL YEARS, A FRENCH ARMY INTERVENED IN SPAIN AND RE-ESTRABLISHED ABSOLUTISM

BELGIUM - 1830 (BELGIUM INDEPENDENCE) AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, BELGIUM WAS INCORPORATED TO THE KINGDOM OF HOLLAND. BOTH COUNTRIES WERE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT IN MANY ASPECTS: LANGUAGE, HISTORY, RELIGION OR ECONOMY THANKS TO THE FRENCH SUPPORT, BELGIANS DECLARED THEIR INDEPENDENCE AND FOUNDED A NEW KINGDOM, BELGIUM

FRANCE- 1830 (LIBERAL REVOLUTION) THE LAST BOURBON KING, CARLOS X ACTED AS A SEVERE ABSOLUTIST KING. BOURGEOISIE, INSPIRED BY REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS, REVOLTED AND FORCED HIM TO ESCAPE FROM FRANCE. IN THE MEANTIME, THEY TALKED TO A NEW CANDIDATE TO BE KING, LOUIS FELIPE FROM THE ORLEANS DINASTY. HE ACCEPTED TO BE A CONSTITUTIONAL KING

FRANCE- 1848-1852 LUIS FELIPE'S LAST YEARS AS KING WERE A TOTAL MESS. BESIDES, HIS GOVERNMENT ACTED WITH PRETTY CONSERVATIVE MANNERS. WORKERS, STUDENTS AND LOWER BOURGEOISIE REVOLTED AND CAUSED HIM TO ABDICATE THE THRONE. A REPUBLIC WAS ESTABLISHED AND ELECTED LUIS NAPOLEON (NAPOLEON'S NEPHEW) AS NEW PRESIDENT. IN 1852, HE DECIDED TO FOLLOW HIS UNCLE'S STEPS AND BECAME EMPEROR. THE 2ND FRENCH EMPIRE HAD JUST BEGAN. IT LASTED UNTIL 1870

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE ONE OF THE OLDEST EUROPEAN EMPIRE HAD INCORPORATED MANY DIFFERENT PEOPLES WITHIN ITS BORDERS. HABSBOURG KINGS CONTINUED BEING ABSOLUTIST KINGS AND CHASED EACH LIBERAL ACTION OR SEPARATIST MOVEMENT LIKE CZECHS, POLISHS, ETC. DURING THE SPRING OF NATIONS, AUSTRIA FACED A LOT OF NATIONALIST CRASHES. THEY ONLY COULD STOPPED THEM WITH THE HUNGARIAN HELP AND TINY POLITICAL REFORMS

GERMANY BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF ITS UNIFICATION PROCESS, SOME GERMAN STATES WANTED POLITICAL REFORMS TO SET A CONSTITUTION. HOWEVER, BOTH PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA INTERVENED AGAINST GERMANS' WISHES. AT LEAST, FEW YEARS LATER, THEY HAD OBTAINED AN ECONOMIC UNIFICATION (ZOLLVEREIN - 1834)

ITALY FOLLOWING EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONARY STEPS, ITALIAN STATES REVOLTED AGAINST FOREING POWERS SUCH AS AUSTRIA, THE BOURBONS AND THE POPE. ALTHOUGH THOSE MOVEMENTS FAILED, THE REVOLUTIONARY SEED HAD BEEN SET IN ITALIANS' MIND. A UNIFICATION REVOLUTION WAS COMING SHORTLY.