WHO AM I?

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START

2º ESO

WHO AM I?

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ESPARTACO

OCTAVIO

JUSTINIAN

THEODOSIUS

ATILA

EMPEROR CONSTANTINE

JULIUS CAESAR

CHARACTERS OF ROME

I was the first emperor to stop the persecution of Christians and to legalize Christianity, along with all other religions/cults in the Roman Empire. In February 313, he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression...... The edict protected all religions from persecution, not only Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity that they chose. A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius, senior emperor of the Tetrarchy, which granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them. The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned, as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. Scholars debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth, or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life.

On the Ides of March (15 March; see Roman calendar) of 44 BC, ..... was due to appear at a session of the Senate. Several Senators had conspired to assassinate him. Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified liberator named Servilius Casca, and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off. The plotters, however, had anticipated this and, fearing that Antony would come to Caesar's aid, had arranged for Trebonius to intercept him just as he approached the portico of the Theatre of Pompey, where the session was to be held, and detain him outside (Plutarch, however, assigns this action of delaying Antony to Brutus Albinus). When he heard the commotion from the Senate chamber, Antony fled.

TEXTS

He returned in 452 to renew his marriage claim with Honoria, invading and ravaging Italy along the way. Communities became established in what would later become Venice as a result of these attacks when the residents fled to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon. His army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia so completely that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site.159  Aëtius lacked the strength to offer battle, but managed to harass and slow advance with only a shadow force. Ffinally halted at the River Po. By this point, disease and starvation may have taken hold in camp, thus hindering his war efforts and potentially contributing to the cessation of invasion

He is fairly credited with presiding over a revival in classical art. Although his pacification of the Goths secured peace for the Empire during his lifetime, their status as an autonomous entity within Roman borders caused problems for succeeding emperors. Theodosius has also received criticism for defending his own dynastic interests at the cost of two civil wars. His two sons proved weak and incapable rulers, and they presided over a period of foreign invasions and court intrigues which heavily weakened the Empire. The descendants ruled the Roman world for the next six decades, and the east–west division endured until the fall of the Western Empire in the late 5th century.

Many consider him to be Rome's greatest emperor; his policies certainly extended the Empire's life span and initiated the celebrated Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. The Roman Senate wished subsequent emperors to "be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan". He was intelligent, decisive, and a shrewd politician, but he was not perhaps as charismatic as Julius Caesar and was influenced on occasion by Livia (sometimes for the worse). Nevertheless, his legacy proved more enduring. The city of Rome was utterly transformed, with Rome's first institutionalized police force, fire fighting force, and the establishment of the municipal prefect as a permanent office. The police force was divided into cohorts of 500 men each, while the units of firemen ranged from 500 to 1,000 men each, with 7 units assigned to 14 divided city sectors.

The Greek essayist Plutarch describes him as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock", in a possible reference to the Maedi tribe. Appian says he was "a Thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a gladiator". Florus described him as one "who, from a Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted and became enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator". The authors refer to the Thracian tribe of the Maedi, which occupied the area on the southwestern fringes of Thrace, along its border with the Roman province of Macedonia – present day south-western Bulgaria. Plutarch also writes that his wife, a prophetess of the Maedi tribe, was enslaved with him.

His ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized. In the West, the brilliant early military successes of the 530s were followed by years of stagnation. The dragging war with the Goths was a disaster for Italy, even though its long-lasting effects may have been less severe than is sometimes thought. The heavy taxes that the administration imposed upon its population were deeply resented. The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern Hispania significantly enlarged the area over which the Empire could project its power and eliminated all naval threats to the empire. Despite losing much of Italy soon after his death, the empire retained several important cities, including Rome, Naples, and Ravenna, leaving the Lombards as a regional threat. The newly founded province of Spania kept the Visigoths as a threat to Hispania alone and not to the western Mediterranean and Africa.

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START

4º ESO

WHO AM I?

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ADAM SMITH

FEDERICO II DE PRUSIA

LOUIS XV

JOHN LOCKE

VOLTAIRE

MONSTESQUIEU

J. J. ROUSSEAU

CHARACTERS OF ILUSTRATION

“In each State there are three classes of powers: the legislative, the executive of things pertaining to the law of nations, and the executive of those pertaining to civil law. For the first, the prince or the magistrate makes the laws for a certain time or forever, and corrects or repeals those that are made. On the second, he makes peace or war, sends or receives ambassadors, establishes security and prevents invasions; and by the third, it punishes crimes or decides the disputes of individuals. The latter will be called the judiciary; and the other, simply, executive power of the State (...). When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person or corporation, then there is no freedom, because it is to be feared that the monarch or the senate will make tyrannical laws to execute them in the same way.

Sovereignty being no more than the exercise of the general will, it can never be alienated, and the Sovereign, who is nothing more than a collective being, cannot be represented except by himself (...). What, then, is the government? An intermediary body established between the subjects and the Sovereign for their mutual correspondence (...) So that at the moment in which the government usurps sovereignty, the social pact is broken, and all the simple citizens, returned by right to their natural freedom, they are forced, but not forced, to obey. (...) Sovereignty cannot be represented, for the same reason that it cannot be alienated; it consists essentially of the general will, and the will is not represented; is it the same or is it another; there is no middle ground. The people's deputies are not, then, nor can they be their representatives, they are only their leaders; they cannot definitively conclude anything. Any law not ratified by the people in person is void; it is not a law.

TEXTS

"The English nation is the only one on earth that has managed to regulate the power of kings by confronting them and that, with constant efforts, has finally been able to establish a wise government in which the prince, almighty to do good, is limited to do evil; in which the lords are great without insolence and without vassals; and in which the people share the government without disorder. The House of Peers (of Lords) and the House of Commons are the arbiters of the nation, and the king is the supreme arbiter. It has not been easy to establish freedom in England; the idol of despotic power has been drowned in blood, but the English believe they have not paid too much for its laws. The other nations have shed no less blood than they, but this blood that they have shed for the cause of their freedom has only cemented their servitude. "

“Every man, provided he does not violate the laws of justice, must be perfectly free to embrace the means that seems best to him to seek his way of life, and his interests; and that their productions may come out to compete with those of any other individual of human nature (...). According to the system of negotiating freedom, the sovereign only has three main obligations to attend to: the first, to protect society from violence and invasion by other independent societies; the second, to protect as much as possible from the injustice and oppression of one member of the republic to another that is also one of the same (...); and the third, that of maintaining and erecting certain public works and establishments, to which the interests of individuals, or of a few individuals, can never reach or be accommodated, but those of the whole society in common.

The natural freedom of man consists in not being subjected to any another higher power on earth, and not being under the will and legislative authority of any man, recognizing no other law for his behavior than that of Nature. The freedom of man in society consists in not being subject to another legislative power than that established by consent within the State, nor to the domain of any will, nor to the limitations of any law, outside of those that this legislative power may dictate according to the commission entrusted to you.

"It is only in my person that sovereign power resides, whose proper character is the spirit of advice, justice and reason; it is to me that my courtiers owe their existence and their authority; the fullness of their authority that they do not exercise. more than in my name it always resides in me and can never be turned against me; the legislative power belongs to me alone without dependence and without division; it is by my authority that the officers of my Court proceed not to formation, but to registration, to the publication and execution of the law; public order emanates from me, and the rights and interests of the Nation, of which a body separate from the Monarch is usually made, are necessarily linked to mine and do not rest except on my hands."

“You have to be crazy to believe that men have said to another man, his fellow man: we elevate you above us because we like to be slaves. On the contrary, they have said: We need you to maintain the laws to which we want to submit, so that they govern us wisely, so that you defend us. We will demand of you that you respect our freedom. "