SUPPORTING DETAILS

Presenting

SUPPORTING DETAILS

TANUSSA

AHMAD FAHIM

ANNISA

SHALIN

SANTHIYA

PREMSUDA

READING SKILLS GROUP 5

What are supporting details ? A paragraph consists of - Topic sentences ( overall idea of the paragraph ) - Supporting sentences * Nine common types of supporting details which can be categorised as facts or opinions and the patterns used in the organisation of the paragraph.

SUPPORTING DETAILS - INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we will analyse the supporting sentences in detail. This includes: -Identifying the types of supporting details -Major and minor details -Facts and opinions -Patterns of organisation.

SUPPORTING SENTENCES

4.1 Recognising and Evaluating Types of Supporting Details

1. EXAMPLES
2. ILLUSTRATIONS
3. DEFINITIONS
4. STATISTICS
5. TESTIMONIES
6. RESEARCH FINDINGS
7. OBSERVATIONS
8. PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
9. HISTORICAL DATA

NINE COMMON TYPES OF SUPPORTING DETAILS

EXAMPLE - Workplace bullying is similiar to other forms of bullying , as it involves the use of physical force or influence to harass someone. Examples of workplace bullying include intimidating , physically abuse and withholding necessary information.

- can be specific or more elaborate than general statement when details need to be present.

- can be brief if multiple examples are given.

- explain the topic sentences or main idea.

4.1.1 EXAMPLES

for instance , for example , to illustrate , here are a few example

-uses specific and detailed examples to explain general statements. - the supporting details contain illustrations give more specific examples. -Detailed and well-chosen examples add interest, vigour and power to your writing.

4.1.2 ILLUSTRATION

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EXAMPLE 1. Online shopping is the activity or action of buying products or services over the Internet. It means going online, landing on a seller’s website, selecting something, and arranging for its delivery. The buyer either pays for the good or service online with a credit or debit card or upon delivery.

- Can be done through a comparison with similar subjects, focusing on key differences between them and your subject

- refers to the explanation of a term, an idea or a concept.

4.1.3 DEFINITIONS

- Refers to data , information , facts and etc. - Involves the collection , classification , analysis and interpretation of numerical facts for drawing inferences. - Has been decided and can be verified. Example Today , Chinese youths (15-24 years) have a 99 per cent literacy rate. Source : Adapted from UNICEF , 2004 - 2008 DATA.

4.1.4 STATISTIC

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- Acknowledgement of a fact based on one's experience. - Legal field ( eye-witness testimony ) - Expert testimony may be defined as someone who has specialised knowledge. - Effectiveness of beauty products ( consumers ) * stating the facts

4.1.5 TESTIMONIES

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EXAMPLEExample 1: The prevalence of smoking increases dramatically during adolescence (Johnston, O’ Malley, Bachman and Schulenberg, 2007) Example 2: (Kobus, 2003) Social influences are among the most consistent and important factors associated with adolescent smoking

4.1.6 RESEARCH FINDINGS

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-A systematic investigative process carried out to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. -It is the principal outcome of any research project. -Usually done by a researcher or a group of researchers. -Key words usually used are statistics, research findings, and study

Example 2: In the classroom, the teacher observed the following during a test: A student in the front row was copying answers off his friend’s paper. Another student was sleeping in the back row. The only male student in the class was the first to arrive that morning.

Example 1: Most birds are observed to migrate around the world due to seasonal changes

4.1.7 OBSERVATION

Observation involves collecting and recording information using our senses of sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste.

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2. When he was travelling on a limited budget, he had to stay at cheap hotels. His stays were filled with loud noises, smelly carpets and bed bugs.’

Personal experience can be defined as the skill or knowledge gained from doing or sensing something over a period of time.

EXAMPLE 1.During his student days, the Professor had faced many types of teachers; an experience which would later shape his teaching philosophy.

4.1.8 PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

-The past information or data about events and people in the past. -Past periods data are commonly used as a basic for predicting future data or trends in many areas.

Example 1 Tunku Abdul Rahman was the Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya (1955 – 1957), the first Prime Minister of an independent Malaya (1957 -1963) and the first Prime Minister of Malaysia. Example 2 Male breast cancer incidence is strongly related to age, with the highest incidence rates overall being in older males. In the United Kingdom in 2011 to 2013, on average each year around half (51 per cent) of cases were diagnosed in males aged 70 and over.

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4.1.9 HISTORICAL DATA

-1.The Main Idea -The most important idea and it is more general than its supporting details. 2.Major Details -General ideas that support the main idea of a text. -Include reasons, points in an argument, points in comparison or further elaboration of a main idea. -More important and more general than minor details. -Not all major supporting details are supported by minor details. 3.Minor Details -Specifics that illustrate or support the major details. -Includes examples, specifics details, specifics instances and statistics. -More specific and help to fill out and explain the major details.

4.2 IDENTIFYING MAJOR AND MINOR DETAILS

4.2 IDENTIFYING MAJOR AND MINOR DETAILS

4.2 IDENTIFYING MAJOR AND MINOR DETAILS

-Information given in a paragraph can be one of three types. They can be facts, opinions or incorrect information. -Facts are correct or true information from reliable sources -Opinions are information which cannot be verified because these are based on beliefs or judgement -Expert opinions are beliefs or judgement of experts in their fields. Even though these opinions can’t be verified, experts rely on their knowledge and experience to come up with these opinions. -Take note! Facts may not be more important or more valuable than opinions. But if the opinions are well supported, they can certainly be very valuable. -On the other hand, incorrect information can be disproved. This means that the information can be proved untrue via experience, research, observation or experimentation.

4.3 DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS

4.3 DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS

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