1. SS Unit 4: Rocks and Minerals

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ROCKS AND MINERALS

2. Minerals

3. Uses of Rocks and Minerals

2.Minerals

1. Rocks

INDEX

ROCKS

Rocks are clusters of minerals and other inorganic materials. There are three types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Geology is the study of rocks and how the Earth’s surface has changed over millions of years.

Basalt

Granite

Magma: Hot liquid inside volcanoes Lava: Hot liquid outside volcanoes

IGNEOUS ROCKS

• These rocks form when molten (liquid) lava from volcanoes cools and hardens.
• If the magma cools slowly (inside the Earth), large crystals form and the rock has dots of colour (Granite).
• If the lava cools quickly, then small crystals form and the rock looks the same colour all over (Basalt).

Slate

Marble

• Some igneous and sedimentary rock is pushed down by other layers of rock forming on top.
• Extreme heat and pressure from the surrounding earth ‘bakes’ this rock and produces metamorphic rock.
• Marble is formed from limestone.
• Slate is formed from shale (a sedimentary rock).

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Clay

Limestone

• These rocks consist of layers of other rock fragments or animal or plant fossils.
• These compact over millions of years to form rocks.
• Sand forms sandstone.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

We classify minerals according to their chemical composition.

minerals

Minerals are structured crystals that have specific chemical components.We can find different types of minerals (over 4000 in the world) of many different colours and sizes in rocks.

They are mixtures of metals and oxygen that vary in hardness and colour.

Rubies

Gypsum

Diamond

They are fragile minerals that contain sulphur, oxygen and another metal. Gypsum is a soft sulphate.

They are ‘pure’ minerals that contain only one component.

OXIDES

SULPHATES

ELEMENTS

minerals

LIMESTONE is a hard rock formed of calcium carbonate and fossils.It is used to make concrete and cement for roads and buildings. It is a good aggregate.

uses of rocks and minerals

Rocks and minerals make up the Earth’s crust and they are used for a lot of different purposes. PROPERTIES of minerals include: COLOUR, HARDNESS and LUSTRE (shininess).

MARBLE is a hard, metamorphic rock. It is used on counter tops in kitchens and floors and for decoration.

TALC is a soft mineral. It is a solid lubricant.It is used to make talcum powder because it is soft and smooth.

DIAMONDS are hard, transparent carbon minerals. They are resistant to scratching.They are used in expensive jewellery, in drills for mining and dentistry.

QUARTZ is a hard mineral that can be many colours.It is used in watches and other electronics to keep accurate time.

uses of rocks and minerals

David by Michelangelo (made from marble)

Glass is a manufactured material made from quartz sand. Limestone is added to lower the temperature.

Marble, Granite and Sandstone are some common rocks that are carved to make statues.

uses of rocks and minerals