PRESENTACIÓN NATURALEZA

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ECO-HISTORY

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14.DISTINGUISHED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN ANDALUSIA

13.importance of the primary sector in Andalusia

12.ARABLE FARMING

11. agricultural landscape

10.Sustainable development

9. Sustainable agriculture

8. Espinach

7. Garlic

6. Green peas

5. Beans

4.Onion

3. Broccoli

2. Romanesco

1. Lettuce

Índice

1-Lettuce(láctica sativa .L.)

• it is consumed throughout the world It has a high nutritional value due to its richness in vitamin C, Mineral salts and elements such as iron. It is also known for its relaxing properties

• has its origins in southern europe and it expanded to the rest of the continent during Roman times. It was consumed 2000 years ago and also used as a medicinal plant in Egypt, Rome, Persia and other places

Characteristics:It is so striking because of the pyramidal shape of its buds and lime color. It belongs to the cruciferous family (cabbages, cauliflowers, radishes...), with a slightly sweeter flavor than cauliflower. It is recommended in diets for its many nutrients and anti-cancer and anti-cholesterol properties. It is widely used in foods and sauces such as mayonnaise or besamel.It can be eaten raw, with a drizzle of olive oil and other herbs or with a soft and short cooking that leaves it al dente and retains its precious smell and with a fried garlic.

2.ROMANESCO

It is produced in Spain, although it is of Italian origin. Today, 30% of the total cultivation in Europe is grown in Spain.It is a variety of Italian cauliflower, one of the oldest.

Treasure for health: It is a food with many benefits: diuretic, anticarcinogenic, heart-healthy, lowers cholesterol, has a lot of vitamin C, folic acid, potassium, phosphorus... It benefits the kidneys, due to its slightly diuretic and toxin-purifying effect. It produces anti-cancer molecules, isothiocyomiates, which inhibit cell division that leads to tumors and stimulate the death of cells already formed.For this reaction to occur, the romanesco must be cut, chopped or chewed. The cabbage is in the markets from September to April. It is grown mainly in Italy, Spain, French Brittany and southern England.

3.BROCCOLI

Broccoli is native to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East; Greece, Turkia and Syria; they are countries where its greatest production is found. Its spread is attributed to merchants and navigators of the Mediterranean, reaching Spain, England and the rest of the countries where it is cultivated today.Saxons and Celts were the first to cultivate it in northern Europe.Previously grown and used as food, it was used for medicinal purposes against deafness, diarrhea and headache, among others.In Spain, large-scale broccoli cultivation dates back to the early 1970s.

Contains low calories (27-32 cal/100g), with an appreciable content of minerals and vitamins C, B1, B2, B3 and B6, in particular A. Also highlights its content of folic acid.In pregnant women, this vitamin is prescribed to prevent spina bifida. It is also being used to control diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, hypertension and heart problems.

Its name comes from the Italian term "broco" which means broke, sapn up.It has a characteristic flavor due to the presence of glucosinolates, such as: glucoraphanin, precusor of sulfa-rafano and fridomati and its derivative glucagrasicim.

Poperties of broccoli:

• It is rich in lutein, something to take into account for people with a tendency to muscle degeneration.

• Ideal for people who need a high intake of folic acid and iron (pregnant women, people with anemia...).
• Nourishing and non-fattening due to its low calorie content.

• It acts as a phytoestrogen, while providing calcium (something to consider during menopause).

• It has vitamin C (prevents hemorrhages).

• Promotes the good condition of the skin and mucous membranes.

NUTRITIVE CHARACTERISTICS BENEFITS

The main origin of the onion is located in central Asia, and secondarily in the Mediterranean. One of the oldest consumed vegetables.its cultivation developed with greater force in the countries of the Mediterranean basin that gave rise to the brown varieties.They date back to 3,200 BC since it was widely used by Egyptians, Greeks and Romans

5-Onion (allium cepa)

5.BEANS

Beans have been cultivated for millennia by humans and also feed animals. They are annual climbing plants very rich for health, provide a lot of nutrients and are a legume that develops pods that must be removed to taste them. The Viccia faba is the plant from which we obtain these legumes, which belong to the family of the fabaceae or leguminous plants.

Nutritional characteristics: A bean has many properties such as vitamins C, A, E, B1, B2 and important minerals such as iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium or calcium.

Origin: The origin of this legume dates back to the Neolithic period, more than 6000 years ago. It is native to the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia. It is a vegetable that fixes the soil between crops, allows it to recover and fixes nitrogen in the soil. This basic species has only the bean that humans eat and one other variant, Viccia faba equina, which is smaller and harder, making it suitable for consumption by horses. This is a crop that is very widespread throughout the world. Australia, China, Egypt and Ethiopia are the largest producers worldwide. They grow in all types of soils throughout the year.

NUTRITIVE CHARACTERISTICS.

Its use in Europe was introduced from Palestine to Egypt in the eastern European areas of the Mediterranean, area that is considered as its main center of diversification.We find peas at any time of the year. It is one of the products that are more easily marketed is the frozen pea.

6- Green Peas (pisum sativum)

7.GARLIC

It is a liliaceous plant that grows forming a head of pointed bulbs. It is known by the name of garlic, garlic and white garlic, its scientific name or Latin Allium Sativum. It belongs to the liliaceae family, which also includes the onion, asparagus and leek. Garlic comes from central and southern Asia from where it spread to the Mediterranean area and from there to the rest of the world. In 3000 BC it was already consumed in India and Egypt. At the end of the 15th century, the Spanish introduced garlic to the American continent. It does not have very strict development conditions, although it is curious that in cold climates its flavor is more pungent; it can develop up to 40°C as long as the soil has enough humidity.

Nutrition chracteristics:Within the group of vegetables, garlic is one of the most energy-rich, with a high protein (5'3%) and carbohydrate (23%) content. It is very rich in minerals (potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and iodine) and vitamins of the B complex, such as B1, B6, B3 and vitamins C and E (the latter in less quantity). What is really interesting is its content of sulfur substances, responsible for the aroma and flavor characteristic of this food.

Folk medicine: Main benefits

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES

• Antibiotic: Helps fight a number of fungi, bacteria and viruses.
• Cardiohealthy: It increases the diameter of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure by decreasing blood cholesterol levels.
• Anticarcinogen: Regular consumption of raw or cooked garlic reduces the risk of colon and stomach cancer.

• Remedy for osteoarthritis.
• Antiseptic, to the point of being used in plague patients.
• Appetite stimulant.

NUTRITIVE CHARACTERISTICS.

Spinach is a food rich in vitamins and minerals, excellent to complete a balanced diet. It belongs to the Quenopodiaceae family. Coming from Asian regions, probably from Persia, it began to spread throughout Europe and crops were established for its exploitation.

-Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

-Key elements of sustainable agricultura: -Better wages and working conditions - Maximizing soil health and carbon storage.-Water conservation - Integrated weed and pest management. -Gender equality-What can businesses, governments and consumers do

Sustainable agriculture tries to meet the needs of today without sacrificing those of tomorrow

9-Sustainable agriculture

What is it?Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Sustainable development is based on three pillars: 1st Economic sustainability2nd Environmental sustainability3rd Social sustainabilityThat is to say, economically sufficient, ecologically sustainable and socially equitable development.

10.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is development that aims to ensure a balance between economic growth, environmental preservation and social well-being.

The Brundtland report and sustainable developmentThe concept of sustainable development is very recent. The Brundtland Report reports on the negative environmental consequences of economic development and provides possible solutions to the problems arising from globalization and population growth.

Today we have made significant progress in many areas such as poverty reduction, the fight against AIDS, access to clean water, etc.

13th.Climate action14th.life below water15th.Life an lannd16th.Peace, justice and strong institutions17th.Alliances to achieve objectives

9th.Industry, innovation and infrastructure10th.Reduction of inequality11th.Sustainable cities and communities12th.Responsible production and consumption

1st.End of poverty2nd.Zero hunger3rd.Health and well-being4th.Quality education5th.Gender quality6th.Clean water and sanitation7th.Affordable and clean energy8th.Decent work and economic growth

What are the 27 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

examples of sustainable developmentHumankind is facing various challenges, such as climate change, respect for humans, man, water scarcity, etc. They can only be solved through various initiatives. Thus, in order to promote sustainable development to citizens.

Sustainable development and the environmentClimate change will set back development gains made in recent years and prevent further progress. Investing in sustainable development helps to address climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable development starts with calculating your personal carbon footprint.

European Sustainable Development WeekThe European Sustainable Development Week (ESDW) aims to promote the Sustainable Development Goals through awareness-raising actions and to present the 2030 Agenda and its 17 goals.

11. AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Agricultural landscape are natural areas ythat have been modified by humans to obtain products nature. There are many factors that define an agricultural landscape.A) size ofhe plots:Small holding <1haMeediumholding 1-10haLArge estate>10B)Shape of he plotsRegular: ave a geometric shapeIrregukar: don´t have geometric shapeC) Border of plosOpenfields: made up regular plots whitout physical bowntaries. It can be separated by crops types. Yhese are particular common in centra Europe.Bocage: which are irregular plots seoarated by walls, hedges or lins of trees. These landscapes can de found in European countries near the Atlantic Ocean.

D) Tyopes of settlement: Concentrated rural settlements: houses are agruped togther and the inhabitanst have access to numerous services to meet their needs.Scatered rural settlements: houses are isolated. In Spain, they from isolated farmhouses and smal villages.E) Crop diversityMonoculture: farmers grow a single crop. It's typical in medium holding anlarge estares.Polycultre: he land is divised up into small crops and farmers grow a variety of crops. It's typical in smallholding, such as vegetable garden.

F) Irrigation systemsRained faming: fields don't have recive artificial irrigation and they only eed rain, such as Mediterranean trilogy(wheat, vine and olives trees).Irrigated farming: part of the water is broughtto fields by artificial means(ditches, canals, artificial irrigation systems...). G) Land use:Intensive ulture: is characterised y maximum productivity, reduced use of land area and large invesement in fertilisers, seeds whit specific characteristics, machinery... It's typical of a commercial farming.Extensive agriculture: uses bg plots of lands to roduced large amounts of product at the lowest cost possible.

Agriculture includes the economic activities relating to the treatment of soil and cultivation of land for food production. Arbable farnig is influenced by some factors, such as geographic factrs ( climate, relief, humidity, temperature, fertility), population, agricultural policies ( to foster arable development----> PAC) or farming techniques ( machinery aan chemicals).However these activities have a big impact on the enviroments. Somo of them are destruction of forest ( replace with farmland), population from chemical crop treatments, over-explotation of aquifers (greenhouses) or accelerated soil´s erosion.Cereals are the most important food, followed by fresh fruit and vegetables. However the situation varies from ome region to other. At present, agriculture 3,4% of the total value of World production, with 28% of total workers.

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12.ARABLE FARMING

• Extensive cereal farming: uses very little manual labour because is highly machanised and prefitable ( in develop states).
• Plantation agricultural: common in tropical regions---> monoculture ( one crop) is often used, such as coffeem cotton, corn... ( Big plantation in LEDS controled by MEDS companies).

B) Comercial farming: it provides high yields to the high levels of technology it enploys. There are 2 subtipes:

types of arable farmng

A)Susistence farming:it provides farmers and local marker with basic food riquirements. The techniques are´t very development and the gield is low. There are 3 subtyes:

• Slash and burn: it´s located in Amazonas, Equatorial Afrcal and Souhtheast Asia, cutting and burning vegetation to create farmlands.

• Exrensive dyland farming: It´s located in Americas, Asia and Asia, based on crop rotation systems and is common in tropical climates.

• Irrigated rice farming: Its´s located in Southeast Asia, very intensitive, requires a lot of labour and produce high yields.

13.IMPORTANCE OF THE ANDALUSIAN PRIMARY SECTOR

In Andalusia, primary sector activities (agriculture, livestock and fishing) have always been the most traditional and developed. In the mid-twentieth century, industrial activity and services acquired a greater role in the economy as a whole, a situation that continues today.

13.1-AGRICULTURE

The main aspects that characterize Andalusian agriculture are as follows:1-The modernization of the field: From agricultural modernization, irrigation expanded, the use of intensive techniques was expanded, increasing the cultivation of crops under plastic (greenhouses)2-Diversity of products: Among the rainfed products, the Mediterranean trilogy stands out: olive trees, cereals (wheat and barley) and vines. Irrigated crops include strawberries, citrus fruits, tropical fruits, vegetables, flowers and industrial crops.3-A wide range of quality production: Along with olive oil, fruits and vegetables, this Andalusian sector offers other high quality products, such as rice and wine.

4-Export and agri-food industry: High yields allow exports of certain products such as olive oil, fruits and vegetables.In addition, the variety of products encourages the growth of the agri-food industry.5-Sustainable production systems: Half of the organic farming land in Spain is in Andalusia. Most of the production is exported.6-Integrated productions: They use systems with minimal environmental impact. Rice, strawberries and citrus fruits stand out.

13.2-LIVESTOCK

There are 2 types of livestock:1st-Extensive livestock farming:It is abundant in mountainous areas. It feeds on natural grasses or cultivated mountain pastures. The main species are: sheep, pigs, goats, cattle (fighting bulls) and horses (Andalusian horses enjoy worldwide prestige).2nd-Intensive livestock farming: They are stabled (confined), and oriented to produce meat, milk and bones, to supply the population's consumption of raw materials. It is very profitable due to its high yield.In addition to swine and cattle, there are large poultry and rabbit farms.

2-Deep-sea fishing: It takes place off the coast of the Sahara, where they catch crustaceans, sardines and anchovies. The Andalusian boats go to the farthest coasts of Africa, places like Senegal, Angola and Mozambique. There, fishing is carried out at high altitude, where the vessels are out for weeks or months, catching and handling the fish and seafood on the boat itself.

13.3-FISHING

Fishing in Andalusia has 1400 vessels, which in 2018 accounted for more than 52000 tons of fish in general, with a value of 194064709.66 USD.1-Inshore fishing: It is carried out on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. The most commonly used techniques are small gears (such as gillnetting), trawling, seining and longlining. The main catches are shellfish (shrimps, prawns, crayfish...), sardines and squid.

14.DISTINGUISHED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN ANDALUSIA

Relief and water availability have been relevant for the Andalusian rural landscape. There are 4 types:1st-agrarian landscape of the Guadalquivir depression:Thanks to their mild climate and relief, these areas are favorable for the development of agriculture.

• The countryside is dominated by rainfed crops: wheat, olives and vines in large estates.
• In the fertile plains of the Guadalquivir River, agriculture is irrigated, with sugar beet, cotton, sunflower, vegetables and fruit crops.
• In the marshland area, there are extensive rice fields. Seville is the source of 40% of Spanish rice.

There is also an abundance of cattle, especially the fighting bull, and the predominant structure is that of a large landowner. The population here is concentrated, with a predominance of agrocities. The olive tree creates the typical landscape of Andalusia in the countryside of Jaén, the south of Córdoba and the north of Málaga.

2nd-The coastal agricultural landscape:The mild temperature and easy access to water provide Andalusia with a unique place in Europe for the cultivation of tropical plants and crops, such as cherimoya and avocado, grown on the coasts of Malaga and Granada.Intensive irrigated agriculture is dominated by low plastic crops in greenhouses and the application of new techniques generates high productivity.The agricultural landscape of the coast has been seriously altered by tourism.

2nd-The coastal agricultural landscape:The mild temperature and easy access to water provide Andalusia with a unique place in Europe for the cultivation of tropical plants and crops, such as cherimoya and avocado, grown on the coasts of Malaga and Granada.Intensive irrigated agriculture is dominated by low plastic crops in greenhouses and the application of new techniques generates high productivity.The agricultural landscape of the coast has been seriously altered by tourism.

3rd-Agrarian Landscape of the Intrabetic Depression:Due to the characteristics of the relief it is very contrasted.

• In the high plains, agriculture is rainfed. Wheat, some olive groves and vines are grown.
• In the beeches of the Intrabetic Depression, agriculture is irrigated. A variety of products are grown, such as industrial crops, beans, potatoes and vegetables.

The most important livestock activities are sheep and goats.

4th-Highland agricultural landscape:It is located in Sierra Morena and the Betic Cordilleras. The relief makes agriculture difficult, however, the construction of terraces allows dry farming that complements livestock and forestry.

• In Sierra Morena there is an abundance of sheep, pigs and cattle.
• In the Betic Cordilleras, olive and almond trees stand out. In livestock, sheep and goats stand out.
• In spite of the difficulty of cultivating and grazing, the mountain areas have a great attraction for the development of rural tourism.