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Translation Policy
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Translation Policy

'Translation studies' es una denominación anglosajona. La escuela francesa acuñó el término 'traductologie'; de ella deriva 'traductología' que es, quizás, la denominación más popular en el ámbito universitario argentino.

Fun fact: Toury no incluye esta aplicación en su mapa de la disciplina.

"Research pursued for its own sake, quite apart from any direct practical application outside its own terrain"

Its objective is "to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience."

Its objective is "to establish general principles by means of which [translation and translating] phenomena can be explained and predicted."

It "describes existing translations. The starting point for this type of study is the description of individual translations, or text-focused translation description. A second phase is that of comparative translation description, in which comparative analyses are made of various translations of the same text, either in a single language or in various languages."

It "is not interested in the description of translations in themselves, but in the description of their function in the recipient socio-cultural situation: it is a study of contexts rather than texts."

"It concerns itself with the process or act of translation itself."

Theoretical studies seek to use "the results of descriptive translation studies, in combination with the information available from related fields and disciplines, to evolve principles, theories, and models which will serve to explain and predict what translating and translations are and will be."

"A full, inclusive theory accommodating so many elements that it can serve to explain and predict all phenomena falling within the terrain of translating and translation."

James S. Holmes’s ‘The name and nature of translation studies’ is a foundational paper in the development of translation as a distinct discipline. In his Contemporary Translation Theories, Gentzler +describes Holmes’s paper as ‘generally accepted as the founding statement for the field’.

"Toury (1995: 9f) problematizes the apparent autonomy of Holmes’ major division of descriptive research into orientations of product, process and function, and also the relation between “descriptive” and “theoretical” studies. Pym (1998) points to the absence of historical research on the map (although Holmes does mention historical studies of translation, albeit not explicitly translators, in the text). Lambert (1991) argued that the map should have given more weight to contextual and pragmatic factors. Snell-Hornby (1991) argued that the categories of “partial”, restricted studies are outdated, and proposed a different kind of map altogether, showing the relations between the interdiscipline of Translation Studies and its neighbouring disciplines. Gile (2005: 341) points out several problems, particularly concerning the “descriptive” category: applied research can also be descriptive, for instance. Chesterman (2004) also queries some of Holmes’ apparent assumptions about the relation between theory-building and description." - Chesterman A. (2009). The Name and Nature of Translator Studies. Hermes – Journal of Language and Communication Studies, no. 42-2009 .

It seeks to provide "informed advice to others in defining the place and role of translators, translating, and translations in society at large."

"The[ir] relation is a dialectical one, with each of the branches supplying materials for the other, and making use of the findings which they in turn provide it."

"In each of the branches of translation studies, there are two further dimensions that I have not mentioned, dimensions having to do with the study, not of translating and translations, but of translation studies itself. One of these dimensions is historical: there is a field of the history of translation theory, in which some valuable work has been done, but also one of the history of translation description and of applied translation studies (largely a history of translation teaching and translator training) both of which are fairly well virgin territory. Likewise there is a dimension that might be called the methodological or meta-theoretical, concerning itself with problems of what methods and models can best be used in research in the various branches of the discipline."

Studies that are "partial or specific in their scope, dealing with only one or a few of the various aspects of translation theory as a whole."

Research according to the medium that is used. It can be subdivided into theories of translation as performed by humans, by computers, and by the two in conjunction. Human translation also breaks down into oral translation or interpreting (divided between consecutive and simultaneous interpreting) and written translation.

​Restricted by language or culture.​

"Theories that deal with discourses or texts as wholes, but concern themselves with lower linguistic ranks or levels." (E.g., words, sentences)

They deal "with the problem of translating specific types or genres of lingual messages."

"Theories regarding the translation of contemporary texts, and theories having to do with the translation of texts from an older period."

"Theories which confine themselves to one or more specific problems within the entire area of general translation theory," problems that can range from broad and basic questions to more specific matters.

"It should be noted that theories can frequently be restricted in more than one way."

"Applications that extend beyond the limits of the discipline itself."

"Questions that have to do primarily with teaching methods, testing techniques, and curriculum planning."

"Translation aids, both for use in translator training and to meet the requirements of the practising translator."

"Activities of translation interpretation and evaluation" (which are somewhat subjective).

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