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MIGRATION

erasmus + "Traces of otherness: Developing Citizenship"

Miglė Poškutė, Gabrielė Grybaitė, Gvidas Venislovas, Lithuania; Mike van Wijngaarden, Cheryilia Boussakathe, the Netherlands; Alina Taxis, Catherina Lössl, Germany; Mihaela Petreska, Ariz Volina, North Macedonia.

EMIGRATION

The 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries

Number of people: - over 5 million (1821-1912 to America) - 70.000-80.000 ( until WW II to Australia) - about 20.000 ( 1816/17 from South Germany to South Russia)

Number of people: - Between 1815 and 1914, approximately ten million people emigrated from Britain—about 20 percent of all European emigrants - Unlike earlier immigrants, more than 15 million of the newcomers after 1900 came from non-English speaking European countries. The principal source of immigrants was now southern and eastern Europe, especially Italy, Poland, and Russia, countries quite different in culture and language from the United States

Reasons: - No future in Germany - Hope for a new and better life - Gold rush - Economic crises

Countries of destination: - America (mostly to North America) (1845-1865) - South Russia (1816/17) - Australia

- Emigration from Macedonia was prompted by political unrest under the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the 20th century and the search for riches in the New World. After World War II, the search for employment, opposition to Yugoslav communism, and the devastating 1963 earthquake all prompted emigration.

- The First wave occurred after the Failure of the Ilinden Uprising in 1903. Many people fled to other parts of Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Russia, the United States and Canada. - The period from World War I to the Great Depression, when Macedonians fled Serbian rule and moved to Western Europe for industrial labor jobs, mainly in countries such as France, West Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands

About 50 thousand

USA

- Poor living conditions and a desire of a better life (the American Dream) - High taxes - To not get drafted into tsar's army - Oppresion of religion and Lithuanian culture

80.000 Farmers 80.000 Factory workers 50.000 Mine / Factory workers

U.S.A, Germany, Belgium

IMMIGRATION

North Macedonia

Lithuania

Netherlands

Germany

Russian orthodoxes were moved mostly to Lithuania’s east where the manors and farms of exiles, who have partook in the fights of freedom were situated. Exceptional economic, religious and cultural conditions were created for the colonists: schools were opened, Orthodox parishes were established from funds raised by local Catholics. But the Russian government did not achieve the desired goal during the conization: some of the colonists were not able to farm more modernly than in Russia and went back, some became Lithuanian.

After year 1795 when Commonwealth was partitioned for the 3rd time, Russia’s government has started colonizing the ethnic Lithuanian lands by moving russian colonists, and completing the so-called process of russification.

In the 19th century, Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire. Lithuania was an agrarian country, therefore no mass migration to Lithuania was recorded. After year 1795 when Commonwealth was partitioned for the 3rd time, Russia’s government has started colonizing the ethnic Lithuanian lands by moving russian colonists, and completing the so-called process of russification. Stolypin's land reform was used for colonization, and the Russian settlement was financed by the Russian Land Bank.

While the number of immigrants entering Britain during the nineteenth century was not insignificant, during every decade after the 1830s, emigration from Britain vastly exceeded immigration. Between 1815 and 1914, approximately ten million people emigrated from Britain—about 20 percent of all European emigrants. Unlike earlier immigrants, more than 15 million of the newcomers after 1900 came from non-English speaking European countries. The principal source of immigrants was now southern and eastern Europe, especially Italy, Poland, and Russia, countries quite different in culture and language from the United States