Spain in the Middle Ages
Primaria Castilla
Created on May 2, 2020
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Transcript
Spain in the Middle Ages
Timeline
conquest of Granada
1492 Christian
1031 Taifa kingdoms
929 Caliphate
756 Independent
711 Dependent
Emirate
Al-Andalus
711 Moorish Invasion
Toledo
507 Kingdom of
of Toledo
kingdom
Visigothic
Empire
476 Fall of the Roman
Visigoths
416 Arrival of the
Hispania
Roman
- The Eastern Roman Empire: Byzantium.
- Germanic tribes who created feudal kingdoms. The Visigoths settled in Hispania.
- The Muslims (followers of Islam).
In 476, the Roman Empire fell, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages. From the 6th century onwards, three major civilisations dominated the former Roman Empire:
The break-up of the Roman Empire
In 507, the Visigoths founded a kingdom in Hispania with Toledo as its capital.The Visigoths conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Government: the king made the laws, but sometimes he had special meetings, called the Council of Toledo, with nobles and bishops.
- Economy: most Visigoths lived in small rural communities dedicated to arable and livestock farming. People were poor.
- Religion: King Recaredo converted to Catholicism in 589 and this united the Visigothic kingdom under one religion.
- Culture: Visigoths learned to speak Latin. Saint Isidoro of Sevilla was a bishop and an important thinker, the first Christian to write an encyclopedia.
The Visigothic kingdom of Toledo (507 – 711)
In 711, the Muslims, who already dominated North Africa, defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Guadalete. Within seven years, the Muslims had occupied almost all of the Iberian Peninsula. Al-Andalus became part of the powerful Islamic empire. Córdoba became the capital of Al-Andalus. In 756, Al-Andalus became an independent emirate. In the 10th century (929) Emir Abderramán III proclaimed himself Caliph of Córdoba. This made Córdoba a caliphate. Al-Andalus was one of the main centres for trade and culture in the Mediterranean. After the fall of the caliphate in the 11th century (1031), Al-Andalus broke up into several taifa kingdoms.
Al-Andalus
Life in Al-Andalus were peaceful, except for the battles at the borders with the Christian kingdoms.
- Government: cities were ruled by a governor who lived in the alcazaba -a fortress-.
- Economy: many people were merchants –they bought and sold things in the souk-. There were also farmers and experts in irrigated farming –rice, wheat, oranges… were introduced in Spain by Muslims-.
- Religion: many people were Muslims. Some people were Christians and Jews.
- Culture: people spoke Arabic.
The life in Al-Andalus
Christians and Jews could live where they wanted to and practise their religion, but they couldn’t have authority over a Muslim or carry weapons. They had to pay special taxes, wear a special badge and obey Muslim laws.
People of different origins and religions lived side by side in Al-Andalus:
- Muslims: the conquerers
- Mozarabs: Hispano-Visigothic followers of Christianity.
- Jews: Followers of Judaism.
Al-Andalus Society
Al-Andalus became an important centre for economic, scientific and cultural developments. The Muslims introduced new irrigation techniques: water wheels, wells and ditches. The fields were filled with new crops: fruit (pomegranates, melons, oranges), vegetables (aubergines, artichokes), rice and cotton. Andalusi mathematicians introduced Arabic numerals (including number zero). They also introduced paper-making, chess… Many words in Spanish come from Arabic: aceite, alcalde, jinete, cero, ojalá, hola…
The legacy of Al-Andalus
Language
Mathematics
Paper-making
Agricultural techniques
Legacy
Alcazaba
Medina
Souk
Mosque
the city
Parts of
Jews
Christians – Mozarabs
Muslims
Society
Taifa Kingdoms
Caliphate of Córdoba
Independent emirate
Dependent emirate
4 stages
AL-ANDALUS
century
th
12
century
th
11
century
th
10
century
th
Timeline
1139 Kingdom of Portugal
1150 Kingdom of Navarre
1137 Crown of Aragon
1035 Kingdom of Castile
897 Catalan counties
830 Kingdom of Pamplona
854 Astur-Leonese Kingdom
817 County of Aragon
The Iberian Peninsula in the 13th century
The Iberian Peninsula in the 11th century
From the 8th century, small areas of Christian resistance to the Muslims became counties and kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula: the Kingdom of Asturias, established by Don Pelayo, who was a Christian leader in the Battle of Covadonga (722), which became part of the Kingdom of Castile in 1035), the Kingdom of Navarre, the county of Aragon, the Catalan counties. In the 11th century, the Christian monarchs started to conquer Al-Andalus. In the 13th century, following the Christian victory at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), Al-Andalus was reduced to the Kingdom of Granada. Four major Christian kingdoms were established: the Kingdom of Castile, the Kingdom of Navarre, the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Portugal.
Expansion of the Christian kingdoms
Between the 8th and the 15th centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded in to the south of the Iberian Peninsula, conquering lands from Al-Andalus, in a process called The Reconquista.
- Alfonso VI was king of Castile. In 1085 he conquered Toledo.
- In 1212 the Christians won the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, and Al-Andalus was reduced to the Kingdom of Granada.
- Jaime I was king of Aragon. In 1229 he conquered the Balearic Islands and in 1244 he conquered parts of Valencia.
- Fernando III was king of Castile and Leon. He conquered Córdoba in 1236 and Sevilla in 1248.
- Granada was the las Muslim Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. Christians conquered Granada in 1492.
The Reconquista
The peasants
The nobles and the clergy
The king
There were three social groups in the Christian kingdoms:
- The nobles fought wars. They were the king’s vassals and provided him with men and weapons.
- The clergy worshipped God. The monks and nuns wrote manuscripts and cultivated the land. Priests looked after people and churches.
- The peasants worked the land.
Medieval society
The Medieval Castle
To defend their territory, the nobles built castles and organised large armies. Castles were fortified and located in high places. The nobles lived in castles and trained for combat. The lady of the castle gave orders to the servants.
Villages Peasants lived in small villages, with a church in the centre. Peasant houses were made of adobe walls, thatched roofs and dirt floors.
Farmland The serfs worked the land. They got firewood from the forest. Cows grazed on the pastures.
The lord’s domain The lord lived in a castle. The peasants had to pay to him to use the forest and windmill.
Most of the population were peasants, serfs, who worked for a feudal lord. They had to give him part of their harvest. The peasants’ living conditions were very difficult, they were often hungry. They grew cereals, pulses, vegetables, vineyards and orchards. Their tools and agricultural techniques were very simple.
The lands of the fiefdom
castle
A medieval fiefdom
vegetable gardens
watermill
isolated farm
forests
hunting
pastures
church
windmill
main square
People who lived in the city were free and did not depend on a feudal lord. They worked in trade or as artisans (forming guilds), they made up a new social group: the bourgeoisie.
cemetery
slums
monastery
synagogue
Jewish quarter
castle
hospital
cathedral
market
hospice
city hall
Cities were divided into districts, made up of narrow streets (made of mud), that formed different neighbourhoods.
The wall protected the city. Its gates were closed at night.
The most important buildings (city hall and cathedral) were in the main square. The city’s festivals and religious celebrations took place here.
A Castilian city
Cathedral of Zamora, 12th century.
Church of San Martin de Frómista (Palencia), 11th century.
Romanesque Churches
Cathedral of Burgos, 13th century.
Palma de Mallorca Cathedral, 13th century.
Gothic Cathedrals
Gothic
Romanesque
Medieval art
guilds
bourgeoisie
Castilian cities
peasants
non-privileged
clergy
nobles
king
privileged
2 social groups
repopulation
territorial
the first Christian areas
3 stages
(9th - 14th centuries)
The Christian kingdoms