Pest and Disease

Raimi Mohamed Redwan, PhDFaculty of Agro Based Industry Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

Pest and diseases

FST20303 Prinsip Pengeluaran dan Pengurusan Tanaman

Index

Pesticides

Principles of IPM

Question

Insect

Insect Control

Crop Weed Interaction

Integrated Pest Management

Disease cycle

Plant Disease

Category of weed

Weeds

Categories of Pest

Introduction

impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrupts or modifies its vital functions

Disease

AcaricideAvicide Fungicide Herbicides Insecticides

Mites, tickBirdsFungiWeedsInsects

Class of Pesticides

Type of Pest

Group of worms that cause damges to plant and sometimes form complexes with other micro-organism to cause damage.

Namatodes

small invertebrate animals having a segmented body and three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings

Insects

Plants that are grown where they are not wanted

Weeds

Types

One that competes with crops for nutrients and water, tend to defoliate plants or transmits disease. Organism that is dentrimental to crop production

Agricultural Pest

Introduction

Occurrence of the pest in a low level in few pockets, regularly and confined to particular area

Endemic pest

Sudden outbreak of a pest in a severe form in a region at a particular time

Pest epidemic

Secondary pest

Key pest

Pest occurs in isolated localities during some period

Sporadic pests

Based on occurrence following are pest categories

Occurs on the crop throughtout the year and is difficult to control

Persistent pests

Infrequently occurs, has no close association to the crop.

Occasional pest

Occurs during a particular season every year

Seasonal pest

Frequently occurs on crop and has close association to the crop

Regular pest

Categories of pests

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Plant which grow where they are not wanted, compete with crops for water, soil nutrient, light and space

Weed-crop interaction

• Weed density (numbers of weeds per unit area)
• Density and planting pattern of the crop
• Growth rates and mature heights of weed and crop plants,
• Relative times of emergence of weed and crop

Factors to competitive balance

on crop growth and yield

Weeds most commonly retard crop growth by competing directly for resources, including light, space, soil moisture and/or nutrients.

Effect of weed competition

Produces larger number of seeds compared to crops

Critical period of weed competition is approximately 1/3rd of the duration of the crop

Can reduce crop yields up to 50%

Weeds

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Crop- Weed Interaction

Figure of weed-crop interaction

Weeds that emerge with the crop must be removed before the end of Period 1 (maximum weed-infested period) to prevent them from reducing crop yield. The crop must be kept clean throughout Period 2 (the critical period for weed–crop competition). Later emerging weeds (Period 3) have little effect on crop yield. In practice, many vegetable growers endeavor to keep crops weed free throughout Periods 1 + 2, the minimum weed free period, sometimes called the “critical weed-free period." Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of Illinois (adapted from Altieri, 1995).

• Plant that causes great harm to other organisms by weakening those around it.
• Usually difficult to eradicate and require extended periods of treatment.

Noxious weed

• Can leave for more than two year.
• Reproduce either vegetatively or by seed.

Perrenial weeds

• Plants that live for two year
• Vegetative and reproductive phase

Biennial weeds

• Complete its life cycle in a year.
• Seasonal

Annual Weeds

WEEDS

short time to mature

Large number of offspring

Successfully adapted to nearly every environment

Been considered as one of the most successful groups of animal present on Earth due to their great number of existence.

Insects

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Classification

Insect

• Pests --> when insect cause damage to crop
• Beneficial insects --> natural enemy to harmful insect
• Neutral insects --> neither a pest or beneficial

Development

Insect

• Metamorphosis --> stage of insect life cycle from egg to an adult
• Gradual--> egg, nymph, and adult
• Complete --> egg, larva, pupa and adult

Feeding Damage

Insect

• Chewing --> Causing leaf defoliation, leaf mining, stem boring and root feeding.
• Suckling --> causing distorted plant growth, leaf spotting and leaf burn

Causing economic loss by feeding on forest, cultivated crops and stored products. Also serve as vector plant and animal disease, inflict stings or bites or act as nuisance pests.

Insect Pest

Anatomy

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Insect

• From class insecta
• Presence of exoskeleton that is divided into three region: head thorax and abdomen

Botanicals

• Plant origin pesticides

Agronomical control

• Ploughing to open soil and expose pest to hot temperature
• Trap crop
• Mixed or intercropping
• Crop rotation
• Keeping good field sanitation

Mechanical control

Cultural practices that can be done on field to control the number of pest.

Manual pesticides spraying

• Pesticide application is the last resort to control pests.
• Pesticides to be selected carefully to control the pests.
• Dose and spraying equipments should be selected carefully.

Chemical control

Understanding insect life

Insect can multiply very fast but their surivival rate highly depend on the external factors like extreme temperature, heavy rains, water stagnation, and presence of other insect that control the pest.

Natural control

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How to control pest

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Different forms of pesticides

Fumigant

Liquid

Granules

Powder

Systemic poison

When the chemical is sprayed on the plant, it is absorbed by the plant and transferred to the entire plant system

Sucking type of pest like aphids, leafhoppers thrips suck the sap from plants. This kind of sucking pests can be controlled by systemic poison. E.g: Imidacloprid (To be used with caution), flubendamide, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam.

Chemicals used to control pest

Pesticides

Contact and stomach poison

Kill the pest when it contact or ingest the poison

The poison is used for controlling larvae that feed on leaves. It penetrates the skin of the pest and are used against those arthropods, such as aphids, that pierce the surface of a plant and suck out the juices. E.g: Flubendamide.

Non-infectious diseases

Infectious Disease

CAUSAL OF DISEASE

Nematodes

Tiny roundworms that live in the soil or water, within insects or as parasites of plants.

Viruses

Can alter plants metabolism by affecting protein synthesis.

BACTERIA

Enters plants through ounds or natural opening

FUNGI

Principal cause of disease. Hyphae, mycelium

Can be caused both abiotic (environment or man-made stress) and biotic (living organism). Organims are parasites if they derive their nutrient from other living things.

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Plant Disease

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5) Over wintering

4) Secondary infection

3) Growth and development of the pathogen

2) Primary infection

1) Production and dissemination of the primary inoculum

The disease cycle

Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is an approach to solving pest problems by applying our knowledge about pests to prevent them from damaging crops, harming animals, infesting buildings or otherwise interfering with our livelihood or enjoyment of life. IPM means responding to pest problems with the most effective, least-risk option. (IPM Institute of North America)

Integrated Pest Management

Please read the article provided at the link for more info on IPM

Evaluation

Anti-resistance

Reduce pesticides

Pesticides selection

Non-chemical method

Decision-making

Monitoring

Preventive

Link

The Principles to Integrated Pest Management

• What cause the emergence of IPM?
• What does it mean by stepwise improvement in the implementation of IPM?
• What is the function of Farm advisory services in IPM?
• What is the example of preventive measures that can be practice under IPM?
• How does crop rotation helps in lowering the pest pressure?
• In what case does crop rotation does not work to reduce pest?
• Why would it not advisable to limit crop rotation only to two fixed-varieties in rotation?
• Principles 2
• What data can be integrated in the monitoring system of crop field?
• How weed monitoring can be establish at the field?
• Principles 3
• Why threshold may not necessarily be sufficient in IPM?
• What is the challenge to establish threshold value for weed?
• What is the suggestion to improve the current decision-support system?

These questions are developed based on the article provided at the link. Plese answer the questions given as your revison.

What to do next?

Revision Question

Questions

These questions are developed based on the article provided at the link. Plese answer the questions given as your revison.

• Principles 4
• What is the conflict about deciding the "satisfactory pest control"?
• What is the example of the most successful biotechnical methods for pest control?
• What is the critical factor to determine the success of using biological control agents?
• What can be improved in weed non-chemicals tactics in IPM?
• Principles 5
• What is the importance to use selective pesticides?
• What is recommended to enable more efficient selection of pesticides?
• Principles 6
• What is the negative effect of controling pesticides used by reduction in volume used?
• What is the critical issue about reducing doses of pesticides?

What to do next?

Revision Question

Questions

These questions are developed based on the article provided at the link. Plese answer the questions given as your revison.

• Principles 7
• What is the relationship between reduce pesticides dosage to limit pesticides used and the resistance development among pest?
• What are strategies that can be used to reduce the resistance development in pest?
• What has been the cause for increased risk of resistance development?
• Principles 8
• What should be included in the evaluation of the IPM success?

What to do next?

Revision Question

Questions

Thanks for your attention