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SPREAD OF THE renaissance
Spain
and
Europe
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SpainandEurope

SPREAD OF THE renaissance

Bright colors and hard compositions

A distinctive style developed, particulary in paintings

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Gothic with classical style

Although the gothic tradition continued in Spain during the 15th century, Italian influence brought the Reinassance style to the peninsula

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Spain

Rest of Europe

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Spain

Herrerian (1560-1600)

Last third of the 16th century. Buildings became more monumental and geometric, but lack decorative elements.

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Classical (1530-1560)

Second third of the 16th century. This style used elements of classical art and was influenced by the Italian Renaissance.

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Plateresque (1500-1530)

First third of the 16th century. This style mixed decorative elements of the Renaissance in Gothic buildings. Use to have a lot of decorative elements.

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Carlos V decided to build a Palace in the Alhambra itself. He never inhabited it. It is the maximum exponent of classicism in Spain. It was projected by Pedro Machuca and the works began in 1526

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Palace of Carlos V in Granada. 1526

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Herrerian architecture, Herrerian style or Scurial style, also called by some authors classicist mannerism, developed in Spain in the last third of the 16th century, coinciding with the reign of Felipe II (r. 1556-1598), and continued in force in the 17th century, although transformed by the baroque currents of the moment.It originated with the construction of the El Escorial Monastery and, more specifically, with the reorganization of the project carried out by the architect Juan de Herrera (1530-1597)Its main representatives are the aforementioned Herrera, to whom the style owes its name, and Francisco de Mora (1553-1610), a disciple of the former and architect of the Ducal Palace of Lerma, another of the key works of Herrerian architecture.

The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial is a complex that includes a royal palace, a basilica, a pantheon, a library, a school and a monastery. It is located in the Spanish town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, in the Community of Madrid, and was built in the 16th century between 1563 and 1584.It was considered, from the end of the 16th century, the Eighth Wonder of the World, both for its size and functional complexity and for its enormous symbolic value. A huge work, of great monumentality, is also a receptacle for the other arts. Its paintings, sculptures, canticles, parchments, liturgical ornaments and other objects make El Escorial a museum too. El Escorial is the crystallization of the ideas and the will of its promoter, King Felipe II, a Renaissance prince.On November 2, 1984, UNESCO declared the Monastery and Site of El Escorial a World Heritage Site. It is one of the main tourist attractions in the Community of Madrid. The monumental complex receives more than 500,000 visitors a year.

Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial

The also called «Palacio de los Austrias» occupies the entire handle of the El Escorial grill. It was connected to the basilica. Both Carlos V and Felipe II suffered from "gout" disease, which is caused by an increase in uric acid due to poor diet. At the end of their lives you could not even walk, since this disease causes swelling and even necropsy in the feet, and King Felipe II could attend mass from his own room, which communicated on high with the main altar.

The basilica is the true nucleus of the whole complex, around which the other dependencies are articulated. Beneath it is the Royal Pantheon, the place where the kings in Spain are buried from now on.

The shape of its plant is reminiscent of a barbecue grill. Although some think that it is due to being dedicated to San Lorenzo (martyr who died burned on a grill), in reality it is a coincidence, since it fulfills the classic distribution of hospice or monastery with 4 courtyards and a church in the center

The Courtyard of the Evangelists is the courtyard of the monastic part of the complex. The main element of the Patio is the Templete, which is reminiscent of San Pietro in Montorio de Bramante and is undoubtedly the most Italianizing element of the complex. It is surrounded by four ponds, fed by its four corresponding sources, protected in turn by the gardens. All these elements form a cruciform composition of careful geometric proportion.

The entrance to the basilica is also known as the courtyard of the kings, due to the sculptures of kings of the old testament found on the facade.

The El Escorial library is one of the oldest and most important in Spain, for its content and its history. It was ordered to be built by Felipe II, as was the entire complex.

The Hall of Battles is a gallery located in the area of the royal apartments. Some battles won by Spanish armies are depicted on fresco walls.

By the 16th century, Spanish art incorporated typical aspects of the Renissance. Sculptors and ainters used drama to express deep religious faith instead of the classical serenity of the past.

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Painting and Sculpture in Spain

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The Gioconda or Mona Lisa. 1503-1519

Pedro Berruguete

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Spanish painter, from Palencia, situated in the transition from the Gothic style to Renaissance painting.After his training he traveled to Italy. This Italian stay would have allowed him to meet the main artists of the Quattrocento, and learn Renaissance techniques and ways, such as mastery of space, anatomy, or the variety and naturalness of gestures, in addition to the architectural and decorative elements typical of the Renaissance, Although on his return to Castile, around 1483, these characteristics were not so evident in his painting.

Alonso Berruguete

Alonso González Berruguete was born in Paredes de Nava in 1490. He was a Spanish sculptor, the son of the painter Pedro Berruguete and one of the fundamental references of Spanish Renaissance sculpture. He also made pictorial works.The most important collection of his work is in the National Sculpture Museum of Valladolid.

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Juan de Juni

El Entierro de Cristo. 1541-1545

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Don Juan de Austria 1560

He lived in Portugal from the age of ten and his training as an artist began in Lisbon, as the protégé of King John III. He then went to Flanders, where he studied with Antonio Moro. In 1552 he worked as a painter for the royal family in the Portuguese capital and in 1555 he was back in Spain, where he became the portraitist of the royal family and its closest environment, such as Infanta Juana and, from 1559, from the court of Felipe II.His daughter, Isabel Sánchez Coello, his pupil, was an important portraitist.

Alonso Sánchez Coelho

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El Greco

Domenico Theotokopoulos

France

Monarchy promoted the Renaissance and kings Louis XIII and François I brought Italian artists to their courts.

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Germany

Painting focused mainly in protraits and landscapes

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Flanders

Flemish painting was characterised by realistic and detailed portraits and landscapes.

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Europe

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Realistic and detailed

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Flanders

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He was a Flemish painter who worked in Bruges. The Flemish style that occurred in the Netherlands in the 15th century has traditionally been considered the last phase of Gothic painting. Another current frames it in what has been called pre-revival.

He enjoyed considerable prestige in life and was one of the most influential artists of his time. There are no known signed paintings, and there is no precise documentation on contracts or payment receipts that allow him to assign any work with complete certainty. Able to create the appearance of life thanks to the extraordinary meticulousness with which he deals with fine details, such as tears that run down cheeks, embroidery on a fabric or the shadow of a shaven beard, Van der Weyden breaks into his painting with the limits between what is real and what is sculpted by placing his figures in spaces that are often unlikely or unreal, with scales that are contrary to logic and, nevertheless, intensely emotional and of great aesthetic force due to the harmony of their compositions

Jheronimus van Aken also known as Jheronimus Bosch or Hieronymus Bosch, in Spain El Bosco. "Very admired and wonderful creator of strange and comic images and of singularly crazy scenes", Bosco put his satirical streak at the service of a moral discourse based on the traditional doctrine of the Catholic Church, with frequent allusions to sin, the transitory nature of life and folly of man who does not follow the example of the saints.

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Germany

Albert Dürer

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He was a brilliant engraver. Engraving is an artistic discipline in which the artist uses different printing techniques, which have in common drawing an image on a rigid surface, called a matrix, leaving an imprint that will later house ink and be transferred by pressure to another surface such as paper. or fabric, which allows to obtain several reproductions of the prints. It began to become popular due to the appearance of the printing press.

Albert Dürer's signature

He was, also, a pioneer in the art of self-portraits:

Engraving that reproduces how artists worked perspective

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France

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Reformation and Counter Reformation

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Repaso final de la unidad