Airborne: make it fly! Group A

GROUP AAirborne: make it fly!

What kinds of flying machines did da Vinci come up with?

Design of a Glider

Flying Machine with Operator

Parachute

Mechanical Wing Devices

Helical Air Screw

Ornithopter

For thousands of years, man dreamt of flying, and one of the biggest dreamers was Leonardo da Vinci. Five hundred years ago he studied and dissected birds, trying to find the secret of flight. He made notes, and initial drawings, but that is as far as he went.Leonardo da Vinci drew sketches of airplanes, gliders, helicopters, and even a parachute.

Leonardo Da Vinc's Dream of Flying

How did Leonardo da Vinci explore flight?

Leonardo observed flying birds in the hills near Fiesole outside of Florence. His sketches of flying birds are located in several notebooks, where he carefully described their flight patterns. Leonardo examined and analysed the relationship between the shape and movement of creatures born with the ability to fly, and aerodynamics. He made elaborate observations regarding the balance, control and weight displacement of bats and birds. Leonardo da Vinci also recognised the importance of lightweight material in aeronautical creation. He also hinted at a force later defined by Newton as gravity.

Leonardo's plan view sketch illustrating northward across-wind dynamic soaring (from right to left) of a flock of four birds along an undulating flight path.

Leonardo's plan view sketch illustrating downwind dynamic soaring flight from right to left.

Leonardo da Vinci was the first to document flight manoeuvres now called dynamic soaring.

Flight of Birds

Lift and drag

Dinamic soaring

What is a codex?

Take-off & landing

Wings

Codex on the Flight of Birds

04

03

The flying of birds

02

The wing of both birds and planes are shaped so that air passing over the top has to travel a longer distance and so it has to speed up as it goes over the top of the wing.

01

The shape of the wing and the ability to move it through the air are the two things needed for bird.

Birds use their strong breast muscles to flap their wings and give them the thrust to move through the air and fly.

Getting the air to move over and under the wing also requires the wing to be moving. This is calledthrust.

Adaptation for flight

06

05

Many bird bones are also hollow or empty, on the inside, which causes less weight. This makes them very lightweight. Some bird bones have thin braces inside them. This makes them very strong. Most of the bones are pneumatic and filled with air sacs instead of bone marrow.

Birds' bodies are usually lighter in weight than other animals. This is a necessary adaptation that helps them fly. Gravity is an invisible force that pulls heavier objects down toward Earth more than lighter objects. Therefore, the light weight of birds makes it easier for them to move up into the air since less gravity is working against them.

Adaptation for flight

08

07

Instead of weighty jawbones and teeth, birds evolved a light and serviceable beak made of keratin.

All birds have a special system of airways throughout their skeletons and a four-chambered heart. These organ systems provide the flight muscles with a steady supply of oxygen-rich blood that prevents their wings from becoming exhausted while the bird is in the air.

The first force - lift, pushes up on things that fly: airplanes, birds, helicopters and rockets. The shape of the wings of an airplane and the whirling blades of a helicopter create lift as they move through the air. The second force is weight: the force of two masses being attracted to each other.

How do things fly?

A plane's engines are designed to move it forward at high speed. That makes air flow rapidly over the wings, which throw the air down toward the ground, generating an upward force called lift that overcomes the plane's weight and holds it in the sky.The wings force the air downward and that pushes the plane upward.

What makes an airplane fly?

The 4 principles of flight are drag, lift, thrust and weight.

What are the 4 principles of flight?

Bernoulli's principle helps explain that an aircraft can achieve lift because of the shape of its wings. They are shaped so that that air flows faster over the top of the wing and slower underneath. Fast moving air equals low air pressure while slow moving air equals high air pressure.

How does the Bernoulli Principle relate to airplane flight?

Atracție

Gewicht

Stuwkracht

Aerodynamica

Weerstand

Versnelling

Portanta

Remorcher

DUTCH

Aerodinamică

Przyśpieszenie

Aerodynamika

Accelerazione

Aerodinamica

Aceleración

Aerodinámica

Acceleration

Aerodynamics

WORD

Greutate

Tracțiune

Ridicare

Forță

Rezistenta la inaintare

Ciężar

Ciąg

Siła nośna

Siła

Opór

Peso

Spinta

Sollevamento

Forza

Trascinamento

Peso

Empuje

Elevación

Fuerza

Arrastre

ROMANIAN

POLISH

ITALIAN

SPANISH

Weight

Thrust

Lift

Force

Drag

Vocabulary

BRUNAPhysicist

MIRO Historian

MERITXELLPhysicist

JULIAHistorian

DRAGOSBiologist

Members of the group

JASONPhysicist

CHIARABiologist

FRANCESCOBiologist

Resourses:

https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/codex/http://www.leonardodavincisinventions.com/inventions-for-flight/https://blogs.bu.edu/biolocomotion/2011/11/14/pros-and-cons-of-the-avian-skeletal-system/http://www.iamtechnical.com/how-aerofoil-creates-uplift-aircrafthttps://www.reference.com/pets-animals/three-adaptations-enable-birds-fly-864e0341eaf08f7d