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Differences   between 

Griko  and   Italian ?

 

 The  second  theory  about 

the  origin  of  Griko.


Italian  students  interview   their grandparents

 

Differences   between Griko  and   modern Greek?

 

Griko  poetry? 

Griko   literature?

Is  the  language  taught  at school   nowadays?

 

How  has  Griko   been preserved?

 

 

The  Greek  element  in Southern  Italy. 

Is  Griko  spoken  nowadays?

In  which  areas? 

 The  origin  of  Griko. 

The  first  theory  about the origin of  Griko.


What  is  Griko ?

Where  is  it  spoken?

THE ORIGIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF 

GRIKO

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THE ORIGIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF GRIKO

What is Griko ? Where is it spoken?

1. What is Griko? Where is it spoken? (68th Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko, also spelled as Grico, is a dialect spoken in Southern Italy, mostly in the Grecia Salentina. This area is located south of Lecce and is consisted of nine municipalities: Calimera, Corigliano d’ Otrano, Sternatia, Zollino, Soleto, Melpignano, Martignano, Martano, Castrignano dei Greci. Griko was not a written language but only spoken. The Romance language has borrowed some words from the griko dialect. However griko has managed to preserve their own unique grammar. From generation to generation, griko dialect succeeds in creating songs and dances which were preserved only orally. There are many reasons why Griko has almost disappeared, especially due to historical and social nature. It was believed that Griko was extricated but the lover of the dialect brought it back to life. The use of the language today is limited to the elderly residents of the Greek-speaking villages and tends to disappear. However, considerable efforts are made at scientific level for rescuing and teaching the younger ones, and even through music. Many Greek artists have taken their inspiration from this language like Harris Alexiou, Maria Farantouri and others. Nowadays few people speak this language, mostly the elderly ones. Written by Nasia Anastasiou Sources: http://calimera68gym.blogspot.gr http://calimera68gym.blogspot.gr http://www.glossagrika.it/glossagrika/dynfix10/GR/lang_grec.php http://www.glossagrika.it/glossagrika/dynfix10/GR/lang_grec.php http://www.epirusglobal.gr http://www.epirusglobal.gr http://www.perizitito.gr/product.php?productid=51336... www.perizitito.gr/product.php?productid=51336... http://blogs.sch.gr/5gymkoza http://blogs.sch.gr/5gymkoza

The origin of Griko. The first theory about the origin of Griko.

1. The origination of Griko language (How many theories are there about it? - 68th Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko is the dialect of Italian Greek spoken by the Griko people in Salento. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it Katoitaliotikà or Grekanika, whereas its own speakers call it Katoitaliótika or Griko. Griko and Standard Modern Greek are not understandable. There are two main theories about the origin of the dialect: The theory of Morosi (1870) and other Italian The theory of the German linguist Gerhard Rohlfs and Greek linguists (Manos, Karatzas, Karanastasi, Tsopanakis Minas ) The German philologist Carl Witte was the first linguist who systematically examine the katoitaliki dialect. In the 19th century he visited Calabria and published poems written in this dialect. The question of the origin which divided linguists creating two main theories. The first, which found the exponent of the face of the Italian linguist Giuseppe Morosi, argues that Griko dialect derived from the language of the 9th century Byzantine settlers. More specifically, the Greek Byzantine Empire from the areas of the Peloponnese, Epirus, Central Greece, Evia and Pontus settled the peninsulas of Calabria and Puglia. This theory comes to refute a second, with key representatives of the Greek linguist George Hatzidakis and the German Gerhard Rohlfs, according to which, its roots go back much earlier dialect, the colonization of Great Greece in the 8th century BC due to the existence of a large number of elements in Doric dialect. Efi Skouteli – Sotiris Kakias Sources: http://calimera68gym.blogspot.gr/search/label/Griko/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSktx_kr4ww 3.1. The griko dialect – Rholfs theory (68 Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko is a dialect spoken in the Grecia Salentina. It has preserved the original grammar, but has lost a lot of words that were borrowed from the Romance dialect. Some (Rhods, G.Rholfs, G.Hatsidakis, S.Kapsomenos, A.Tsopanakis, C.Karatzas) think that it comes from the Greek colonies of the ancient people. Grico has been affected by Italian because the dialect was spoken by the people with the Italian way of thinking. The theory that Grico came from ancient Greek is supported by many factors. First, it is supported by most Greek linguists that Griko came from the Dorian Greek dialect because Griko has many Dorian characteristics and because the dialect has many things in common with Greek. For example, in grico there is no future tense. But, the future meaning is conveyed with the present simple and the verb “steko” or “steo”. In grico dialect, diminutives have not the same meaning with the Greek ones. Greek and the Grico dialect have so many things in common that I believe it will be a pity if the second gets lost. Written by:D. Stamatelis, A.Fatsis, D. Kroustali, N. Mantzana, K. Nisidi Sources of information: http://www.glossesweb.com/ http://www.glossesweb.com https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico/ https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com/ https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com http://www.istoriografia.blogspot.com www.istoriografia.blogspot.com ://www.pare-dose.net www.pare-dose.net 3.1. The griko dialect – Rholfs theory (68 Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko is a dialect spoken in the Grecia Salentina. It has preserved the original grammar, but has lost a lot of words that were borrowed from the Romance dialect. Some (Rhods, G.Rholfs, G.Hatsidakis, S.Kapsomenos, A.Tsopanakis, C.Karatzas) think that it comes from the Greek colonies of the ancient people. Grico has been affected by Italian because the dialect was spoken by the people with the Italian way of thinking. The theory that Grico came from ancient Greek is supported by many factors. First, it is supported by most Greek linguists that Griko came from the Dorian Greek dialect because Griko has many Dorian characteristics and because the dialect has many things in common with Greek. For example, in grico there is no future tense. But, the future meaning is conveyed with the present simple and the verb “steko” or “steo”. In grico dialect, diminutives have not the same meaning with the Greek ones. Greek and the Grico dialect have so many things in common that I believe it will be a pity if the second gets lost. Written by:D. Stamatelis, A.Fatsis, D. Kroustali, N. Mantzana, K. Nisidi Sources of information: http://www.glossesweb.com/ http://www.glossesweb.com https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico/ https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com/ https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com http://www.istoriografia.blogspot.com www.istoriografia.blogspot.com http://www.pare-dose.net www.pare-dose.net

Is Griko spoken nowadays? In which areas?

3. Is Griko spoken nowadays? In which areas? (68th Junior High School of Athens - Mr Katsari) Today there is a big effort to preserve the language even through the music. Many great artists, Italians and Greeks sing in Griko. Old and young musicians sung songs in two voices with guitar accompaniment, tamporelo and piano accordion as well. Songs are including lullabies, lamentations, love songs and the famous terantella. N.Anastasiou, S.Kakias, M. Argiriou, S.Pala, (68th junior High School of Athens - Ms. Tselinga) The inhabitants of Salento spoke only Griko until second world war as they were illiterate shepherds and farmers who didn't have any contact with the outside world.After the war, Italian was introduced as an official language and young students had little access to Griko. Only elderly people continued to speak the dialect and tried to preserve it through songs, dance and poetry.Nowadays there has been an attempt to preserve this minority language through internet forums set up by supporters of Griko. The Unesco Atlas of the world's language in danger has acknowledged it as a "severely endangered language'' Written by Dimitris Dragatis , Stavroula Lazaridou , Dora Alexandridi Resources : https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ https://www.omilo.com Except for the griko spoken dialect, we discovered the sweet sound of the griko music that calms you down. Their melody is really impressive nostalgic, solemn with fast pace! Also their language has survived through poetry and for the last few centuries it is written with latin characters. Written by George Zorbas, Alexandros Kodopoulos, Alexia Logotheti, Odyssia Sofianou Sources: Wikipedia http://www.24grammata.com

The Greek element in Southern Italy.

1. How many theories are there about the Greek element in Southern Italy? (51st Junior High School of Athens Ms Zarikou) There are two basic theories about the Greek element in Southern Italy. The first one says that; in the 8th century BC the Greeks settled in Sicily and South Italy and gave to that place the name "Magna Graecia" There were important colonies established in Kalavria like Rigio. The second theory says that in the 6th century AD Byzantine soldiers and iconophile settled in this area. Kalavria was a very important ; fortress in the west. Katerina Giannopoulou George Mavrogiannakis Vaggelis Mavrogiannakis. www.ethnos.gr/taksidi_europi/.../kalabria_h_kardia_tis_megalis_elladas www.ethnos/.gr/taksidi_europi/.../kalabria_h_kardia_tis_megalis_ellada https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/

How has Griko been preserved?

3. How has Griko been preserved? (51st Junior High School- Ms. Liappi) Griko is an Italian dialect based on Ancient Greek. It is spoken in southern Italy in villages such as Calimera. Griko passed through several generations thanks to songs and fairytales that the villagers used to say to their children. Moreover after the Second World War Griko is being taught in local schools. Mary Eripareli – Evdokia Fanou Nowadays, only 20,000 elder people speak the Griko language, because the young people prefer the Italian one. The Italian government does little to protect it, so the Griko language is severely endangered. Even in public schools the Italian language is compulsory when the Griko language is not taught at all. Fortunately, the Griko have a rich folklore and oral tradition, like music and poetry which many people and artists try to protect it. Written by :Antonis Xaloulos - Christina Marias - Katerina Koukouzeli - Nikos Kandiliotis - Stathis Ladikos Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_dialect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_dialect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_people

Is the language taught at school nowadays?

Griko literature?

3. Griko music - Griko literature 3.1. The Moroloia. (Martignano's students. Ms Tarantino) The Moroloia are poetic compositions typical of Griko tradition. They are dirges that some women, the "repute", used to perform during funerals by adapting the lyrics to the various situations. These poems are related to very ancient pagan traditions. The similes- death compared to a journey or to the wind or sleep- have a plain ancient origin. Source: http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/

Griko poetry?

7.2 The Hellenic origin of popular poetry in Griko. (Martignano's students. Ms Tarantino The Hellenic origin of some features of Griko poetry can be seen in some recurring metaphors. The image of basil as a metaphor of women's beauty, for example, doesn't belong to the Romance poetry, but it is typical of the tradition of modern Greece. Source: http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/ http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/</a> Popular Literature in Griko (Martignano's students - Ms Tarantino) The Griko language has survived only as a spoken language. However, a great deal of popular poems and tales have been passed on by storytellers and singers. Since the late 19th century scholars have gathered poems, tales and sayings in Griko. This literary heritage comes from a rich and lively cultural tradition. We can identify three main themes in popular poetry in Griko: love, death and the religious motif. Source: Salvatore Tommasi. http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare 7.3 I PASSIUNA TU CHRISTU (Martignano's students. Ms Tarantino) The poem "Christ's Passion" is the most important example of religious poetry in Griko. It is related to a performance that took place during the Holy Week when groups of singers moved around the towns carrying an olive branch and a basket for donations and told Jesus' life in verse and music. Nowadays you can watch this performance in Salentine Greece on Good Friday. Source: http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/ http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/

Differences between Griko and modern Greek?

7 Differences between Griko and Modern Greek 8.1. (51st Junior High School of Athens Ms Zarikou) Griko and Greek although they are related languages,have many differences.The Griko language has been heavily influenced by the Italian language. Griko is written in Latin alphabet.It does not belong to any dialectic group of the Greek area.It presents its own special features and it has retained many Doric words that do not exist in modern Greek dialects. Griko is also affected by the Italian area,both in vocabulary,phonology and syntax.In Griko dialect has got no final -s-. Some of the areas where Griko is spoken are Kalavria,Salento and Letse.The name Griko came from the traditional name used for the Greeks in the Italian peninsula. Manos Hatzidakis - Georgia Seranidi - Ioanna - Konstantinos Rafailidi 8.2. (51st Junior High School- Ms. Liappi) Griko is used by the people who live in the South Italy and is a combination of Greek and Italian. Some of the areas where Griko is spoken are Kalavria, Salento and Letse. The name Griko came from the traditional name for the Greeks to the Italia peninsula. Griko has preserved a few Doric elements and seems influenced by Medieval Greek. Its alphabet is italian, but its grammatical constructions are like modern greek dialects'. The songs we heard were something different from what we have heard until today. There were a lot of similarities with modern Greek. Nefeli Salonikidi – Dimitris Adamopoulos – Vaggelis Rousopoulos – Maria Braoudaki – Dora Athanasiadi – Stefanos Manolaros – Marieta Brintziki - Afroditi Gogou - Aggeliki Episkopopoulou - A Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_dialect</div> 8.3. (68 Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Grico have many common elements with the Greek language but they are also show editorial and orthographic changes. The future time is expressed with present tenses. The present continues is expressed with the verb steo and present participle. (in Apoulia) (steo kalo) The infinitive has been lost in Greek but has been preserved in Griko. Also, adverbs of place are not used. Orthographically, it has been mentioned that instead the letters "χ" (h) and "θ" (th), is used the letter "t" . For example, the word "καληνυχτα - kalinihta" is called "kalinitta" and the word "θάλασσα - thalassa" is called "talassa" .Many griko words are similar to greek and ancient greek or even local Greek dialects. Such examples are: Greek γ θ χ dj d-d κ Aderfi (sister) Atomo (person) Anthropos (man) Gineca (woman) Kiris (Master) Kiriaki (Sunday) Nai (yes) Ohi (no) Vrehei Kai (and) Griko j th kh z ddh k Aderfi Christiano Antropo gineca Ciúri Curiaci Uumen deje vrekhi ce Expressions like ce, Ciúri, curiacì and also Uumen and deje are expressions that are used in Greece in Cretan dialect. Written by: A. Fatsis, A. Malfa, A. Voulimenea, D. Kroustali, D. Stamatelis, K. Mantzana K. Nisidi, M. Argiriou, N. Anastasiou, S. Kakias S. Pala, In Griko there is not -s suffix to male names. F.e. orrio instead of oraios Instead of mp there is only p or t f.e. Petti instead of Pempti and palla instead of mpala Alla (but) ma arena arena Ascimi (ugly) ascimi Astrapes (lightning) astremmata bagnio bath bagno bala ball palla Chimonas (winter) scimona Chionizi (snowning) chionizzi Echis (you have) echi Ekeni (that) cini elios (sun) ijo Ennea (nine 9) innea Etho (here) ittu kannume doing kannome Menoume (stay) steme miazei like mmiazzi mpenei (enter) ‘mbenni oreos handsome orrio Pappous (grandpap) pappoma Pempti Thursday Petti platia plazza mesi Sernomai sirnume Sinefa (clouds) simmeca thalassa see talassa theli (wants) teli thermo hot ttermo Thikio (right) digghio E. Skouteli, A. Malfa, A. Voulimenea, D. Kroustali, D. Stamatelis, K. Mantzana K. Nisidi, M. Argiriou, N. Anastasiou, S. Kakias S. Pala, A. Fatsis 8.4. (68th Junior High School of Athens) (Ms Tselinga) * In Griko there's is no future form. Instead they use the Present. Example: epame avri: we will go there tomorrow. * In Griko as in Ancient and Modern Greek as well, people use two different conjunctions to introduce a subordinate clause: (Ka) = (that) to express a statement and (ma) = (to) to express a cammond or an intention: I think that it will rain Penseo ka vrekni I want it to rain Telo na veressi *Consonant clusters "mp" and ''nt'' are pronounced in Griko as they were in Ancient Greek (where as in modern Greek they have changed to ''mb'' and ''nd''. Written by: Izabella Datsiou Ioanna Mosxopoulo Ioannis Mavrogiannis Christos Koskeras Source ; www.glossagrika.it In Griko we do not find the Greek letters: θ, δ, γ pronounced as ''th and g'' For example: telo (want) itela (would like) mali (big) instead of megali in Greek vrai (evening) instead of vradi in Greek Instead of ''ll'' Griko uses ''dd'' For example: addo (other) instead of ''allo'' in Greek The final -s and -n have disappeared For example: gato (male cat) instead of gatos in Greek Leonidas Mantzaris Dimitris Makrakos Source: http://www.glossagrika.it/

Italian students interview their grandparents

9. Martignano's students interviews with their grandparents. (Ms Tarantino) We have interviewed our grandparents and here are the questions we have asked them: “How old are you? Which is your native language? Which language do you use in your daily life nowadays? Was it difficult for you to learn Italian? Are there any Griko words that you can remember which have disappeared? Is there a word you especially like? Can you remember a poem, a saying, a rhyme in griko?” Here are the results of our research. Marta’s grandpa, Luigi Pascali, aged 81: -The language my mum taught to me was Griko, I learned Italian at school. At present I generally speak the Italian dialect I speak Griko to my friends in the square at night, and to my sister who is older than me. A word that isn’t used anymore is “Pupatedda”: it was the dummy they used to give a baby. They made it by rolling a piece of white cloth with a drop of honey inside. “Kalimera” is an important word to me because I come from Calimera. I like the word “Kardìa”, too, because it means “Heart”. And “Spiti” is a beautiful word, because it means “House”, and it took time and sacrifice to build it… A rhyme I can remember is: ”Biumb-bò, bium-bò, pare na ferome lio nerò, atto frea tu Ja Marcu cino pu leone ti è pleo kalò”. Bium-bò, bium-bò let’s go and fetch some water, from Saint Mark’s well, the one they say it’s the best.” Pierpaolo’s grandpa, aged 88: - I used to speak Griko at home, outside, with my friends, I used to speak dialect, but it was a bit difficult to me because Griko was my first language. My children could understand Griko when my wife and I talked in it but we used to talk dialect to them. Nowadays my wife and I speak Griko at home. Italian is to me a language I learned on my own, but it wasn’t natural to me and I can’t speak it well because I only attended school up to Year 3. Gioia's grandma, aged 91: -Although I spoke both Griko and the dialect, it was far easier to me to speak Griko because it was the first language I learned. Nowadays I usually speak Griko, but with my peers I sometimes speak Griko. A sentence I like: “Ise kaledda” it means “You’re pretty”. I can remember a short poem: “Itela na su po' ce na su tizzo ti piaga ka vastò cesso sto petto, na su cuntezzo cio kaime iammena ce posso echo ancora na diaò” I’d like to tell you and to show you the plague I’ve got in my breast , to tell you what happened to me and what is to happen".

The second theory about the origin of Griko.

3.1. The second theory about the origin of Griko (68th high School of Athens Ms. Tselinga) According to the second theory about the origin of Griko, in the Byzantine era around the 9th century AD some Greek immigrants settled in Southern Italy specifically in Otranto, ; in the region of Calabria and in Apulia. The language the Greeks settlers used was the "Hellenistic Koine" from which Griko originated. At that time monasticism flourished ,and that's why there are so many churches and monasteries in the area.This affected the social life and culture in those regions. Elen Lumsi Dafni Sismani Errika Mertzani Adriana Lako When the Norman invaders came to Italy around the 13th century AD, the Latin language appeared and became the language of the church. Between the 12th and 16th centuries the orthodox clergy disappeared from the biggest part of southern Italy, except for Calabria and Salento. During the 17th and 18th century the Hellenic part of Salento started to shrink. The rural population kept using the Griko dialect which has been preserved orally so far. Laskaris Ioannis Manika Sotiria Loudou Lina Source: wikipedia

Differences between Griko and Italian ?

9. Differences between Griko and Italian. (Calimera's school- Ms Marzo) Griko is a Greek origin language. Once it was spoken by farmers and it was orally handed down. In the Middle Ages, to preserve this language, it was necessary to write it and, so, there was a fusion with the local Italian dialect. Griko uses Italian alphabet but it has Greek words and Greek grammatical constructions. You can also find typical Salentine dialect words in Griko language. Written by Francesco Corlianò Source: Grandparents' interview

THE ORIGIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF GRIKO

What is Griko ? Where is it spoken?

1. What is Griko? Where is it spoken? (68th Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko, also spelled as Grico, is a dialect spoken in Southern Italy, mostly in the Grecia Salentina. This area is located south of Lecce and is consisted of nine municipalities: Calimera, Corigliano d’ Otrano, Sternatia, Zollino, Soleto, Melpignano, Martignano, Martano, Castrignano dei Greci. Griko was not a written language but only spoken. The Romance language has borrowed some words from the griko dialect. However griko has managed to preserve their own unique grammar. From generation to generation, griko dialect succeeds in creating songs and dances which were preserved only orally. There are many reasons why Griko has almost disappeared, especially due to historical and social nature. It was believed that Griko was extricated but the lover of the dialect brought it back to life. The use of the language today is limited to the elderly residents of the Greek-speaking villages and tends to disappear. However, considerable efforts are made at scientific level for rescuing and teaching the younger ones, and even through music. Many Greek artists have taken their inspiration from this language like Harris Alexiou, Maria Farantouri and others. Nowadays few people speak this language, mostly the elderly ones. Written by Nasia Anastasiou Sources: http://calimera68gym.blogspot.gr http://calimera68gym.blogspot.gr http://www.glossagrika.it/glossagrika/dynfix10/GR/lang_grec.php http://www.glossagrika.it/glossagrika/dynfix10/GR/lang_grec.php http://www.epirusglobal.gr http://www.epirusglobal.gr http://www.perizitito.gr/product.php?productid=51336... www.perizitito.gr/product.php?productid=51336... http://blogs.sch.gr/5gymkoza http://blogs.sch.gr/5gymkoza

The origin of Griko. The first theory about the origin of Griko.

1. The origination of Griko language (How many theories are there about it? - 68th Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko is the dialect of Italian Greek spoken by the Griko people in Salento. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it Katoitaliotikà or Grekanika, whereas its own speakers call it Katoitaliótika or Griko. Griko and Standard Modern Greek are not understandable. There are two main theories about the origin of the dialect: The theory of Morosi (1870) and other Italian The theory of the German linguist Gerhard Rohlfs and Greek linguists (Manos, Karatzas, Karanastasi, Tsopanakis Minas ) The German philologist Carl Witte was the first linguist who systematically examine the katoitaliki dialect. In the 19th century he visited Calabria and published poems written in this dialect. The question of the origin which divided linguists creating two main theories. The first, which found the exponent of the face of the Italian linguist Giuseppe Morosi, argues that Griko dialect derived from the language of the 9th century Byzantine settlers. More specifically, the Greek Byzantine Empire from the areas of the Peloponnese, Epirus, Central Greece, Evia and Pontus settled the peninsulas of Calabria and Puglia. This theory comes to refute a second, with key representatives of the Greek linguist George Hatzidakis and the German Gerhard Rohlfs, according to which, its roots go back much earlier dialect, the colonization of Great Greece in the 8th century BC due to the existence of a large number of elements in Doric dialect. Efi Skouteli – Sotiris Kakias Sources: http://calimera68gym.blogspot.gr/search/label/Griko/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSktx_kr4ww 3.1. The griko dialect – Rholfs theory (68 Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko is a dialect spoken in the Grecia Salentina. It has preserved the original grammar, but has lost a lot of words that were borrowed from the Romance dialect. Some (Rhods, G.Rholfs, G.Hatsidakis, S.Kapsomenos, A.Tsopanakis, C.Karatzas) think that it comes from the Greek colonies of the ancient people. Grico has been affected by Italian because the dialect was spoken by the people with the Italian way of thinking. The theory that Grico came from ancient Greek is supported by many factors. First, it is supported by most Greek linguists that Griko came from the Dorian Greek dialect because Griko has many Dorian characteristics and because the dialect has many things in common with Greek. For example, in grico there is no future tense. But, the future meaning is conveyed with the present simple and the verb “steko” or “steo”. In grico dialect, diminutives have not the same meaning with the Greek ones. Greek and the Grico dialect have so many things in common that I believe it will be a pity if the second gets lost. Written by:D. Stamatelis, A.Fatsis, D. Kroustali, N. Mantzana, K. Nisidi Sources of information: http://www.glossesweb.com/ http://www.glossesweb.com https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico/ https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com/ https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com http://www.istoriografia.blogspot.com www.istoriografia.blogspot.com ://www.pare-dose.net www.pare-dose.net 3.1. The griko dialect – Rholfs theory (68 Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Griko is a dialect spoken in the Grecia Salentina. It has preserved the original grammar, but has lost a lot of words that were borrowed from the Romance dialect. Some (Rhods, G.Rholfs, G.Hatsidakis, S.Kapsomenos, A.Tsopanakis, C.Karatzas) think that it comes from the Greek colonies of the ancient people. Grico has been affected by Italian because the dialect was spoken by the people with the Italian way of thinking. The theory that Grico came from ancient Greek is supported by many factors. First, it is supported by most Greek linguists that Griko came from the Dorian Greek dialect because Griko has many Dorian characteristics and because the dialect has many things in common with Greek. For example, in grico there is no future tense. But, the future meaning is conveyed with the present simple and the verb “steko” or “steo”. In grico dialect, diminutives have not the same meaning with the Greek ones. Greek and the Grico dialect have so many things in common that I believe it will be a pity if the second gets lost. Written by:D. Stamatelis, A.Fatsis, D. Kroustali, N. Mantzana, K. Nisidi Sources of information: http://www.glossesweb.com/ http://www.glossesweb.com https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico/ https://www.youtube.comfabiaingrico https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com/ https://magnagrecia.wikispaces.com http://www.istoriografia.blogspot.com www.istoriografia.blogspot.com http://www.pare-dose.net www.pare-dose.net

Is Griko spoken nowadays? In which areas?

3. Is Griko spoken nowadays? In which areas? (68th Junior High School of Athens - Mr Katsari) Today there is a big effort to preserve the language even through the music. Many great artists, Italians and Greeks sing in Griko. Old and young musicians sung songs in two voices with guitar accompaniment, tamporelo and piano accordion as well. Songs are including lullabies, lamentations, love songs and the famous terantella. N.Anastasiou, S.Kakias, M. Argiriou, S.Pala, (68th junior High School of Athens - Ms. Tselinga) The inhabitants of Salento spoke only Griko until second world war as they were illiterate shepherds and farmers who didn't have any contact with the outside world.After the war, Italian was introduced as an official language and young students had little access to Griko. Only elderly people continued to speak the dialect and tried to preserve it through songs, dance and poetry.Nowadays there has been an attempt to preserve this minority language through internet forums set up by supporters of Griko. The Unesco Atlas of the world's language in danger has acknowledged it as a "severely endangered language'' Written by Dimitris Dragatis , Stavroula Lazaridou , Dora Alexandridi Resources : https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ https://www.omilo.com Except for the griko spoken dialect, we discovered the sweet sound of the griko music that calms you down. Their melody is really impressive nostalgic, solemn with fast pace! Also their language has survived through poetry and for the last few centuries it is written with latin characters. Written by George Zorbas, Alexandros Kodopoulos, Alexia Logotheti, Odyssia Sofianou Sources: Wikipedia http://www.24grammata.com

The Greek element in Southern Italy.

1. How many theories are there about the Greek element in Southern Italy? (51st Junior High School of Athens Ms Zarikou) There are two basic theories about the Greek element in Southern Italy. The first one says that; in the 8th century BC the Greeks settled in Sicily and South Italy and gave to that place the name "Magna Graecia" There were important colonies established in Kalavria like Rigio. The second theory says that in the 6th century AD Byzantine soldiers and iconophile settled in this area. Kalavria was a very important ; fortress in the west. Katerina Giannopoulou George Mavrogiannakis Vaggelis Mavrogiannakis. www.ethnos.gr/taksidi_europi/.../kalabria_h_kardia_tis_megalis_elladas www.ethnos/.gr/taksidi_europi/.../kalabria_h_kardia_tis_megalis_ellada https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/

How has Griko been preserved?

3. How has Griko been preserved? (51st Junior High School- Ms. Liappi) Griko is an Italian dialect based on Ancient Greek. It is spoken in southern Italy in villages such as Calimera. Griko passed through several generations thanks to songs and fairytales that the villagers used to say to their children. Moreover after the Second World War Griko is being taught in local schools. Mary Eripareli – Evdokia Fanou Nowadays, only 20,000 elder people speak the Griko language, because the young people prefer the Italian one. The Italian government does little to protect it, so the Griko language is severely endangered. Even in public schools the Italian language is compulsory when the Griko language is not taught at all. Fortunately, the Griko have a rich folklore and oral tradition, like music and poetry which many people and artists try to protect it. Written by :Antonis Xaloulos - Christina Marias - Katerina Koukouzeli - Nikos Kandiliotis - Stathis Ladikos Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_dialect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_dialect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_people

Is the language taught at school nowadays?

3. Is Griko language taught at school nowadays?(Calimera's school - Ms Marzo) Nowadays Griko is taught in Calimera’s Primary School. It is the main topic of a school project. It is usually taught every year in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year from the beginning of the second term. Students study Griko one hour a week, they mostly learn vocabulary and they learn to write simple and very common sentences of everyday life. On the most important festivities they learn traditional songs and poems in Griko language. At Christmas time traditional songs in Griko language are sung by Calimera’s school choir when they have their Christmas concert. Written by Di Rosa E.S. - Giannuzzi L. Source: Primary School teachers

Griko literature?

3. Griko music - Griko literature 3.1. The Moroloia. (Martignano's students. Ms Tarantino) The Moroloia are poetic compositions typical of Griko tradition. They are dirges that some women, the "repute", used to perform during funerals by adapting the lyrics to the various situations. These poems are related to very ancient pagan traditions. The similes- death compared to a journey or to the wind or sleep- have a plain ancient origins. Source: http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/

Griko poetry?

7.2 The Hellenic origin of popular poetry in Griko. (Martignano's students. Ms Tarantino The Hellenic origin of some features of Griko poetry can be seen in some recurring metaphors. The image of basil as a metaphor of women's beauty, for example, doesn't belong to the Romance poetry, but it is typical of the tradition of modern Greece. Source: http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/ http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/</a> Popular Literature in Griko (Martignano's students - Ms Tarantino) The Griko language has survived only as a spoken language. However, a great deal of popular poems and tales has been passed on by storytellers and singers. Since the late 19th century scholars have gathered poems, tales and sayings in Griko. This literary heritage comes from a rich and lively cultural tradition. We can identify three main themes in popular poetry in Griko: love, death and the religious motif. Source: Salvatore Tommasi. http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare 7.3 I PASSIUNA TU CHRISTU (Martignano's students. Ms Tarantino) The poem "Christ's Passion" is the most important example of religious poetry in Griko. It is related to a performance that took place during the Holy Week when groups of singers moved around the towns carrying an olive branch and a basket for donations and told Jesus' life in verse and music. Nowadays you can watch this performance in Salentine Greece on Good Friday. Source: http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/ http://www.ciuricepedi.it/la-letteratura/letteratura-popolare/poesia/introduzione-alla-poesia-popolare/

Differences between Griko and modern Greek?

7 Differences between Griko and Modern Greek 8.1. (51st Junior High School of Athens Ms Zarikou) Griko and Greek although they are related languages,have many differences.The Griko language has been heavily influenced by the Italian language. Griko is written in Latin alphabet.It does not belong to any dialectic group of the Greek area.It presents its own special features and it has retained many Doric words that do not exist in modern Greek dialects. Griko is also affected by the Italian area,both in vocabulary,phonology and syntax.In Griko dialect has got no final -s-. Some of the areas where Griko is spoken are Kalavria,Salento and Letse.The name Griko came from the traditional name used for the Greeks in the Italian peninsula. Manos Hatzidakis - Georgia Seranidi - Ioanna - Konstantinos Rafailidi 8.2. (51st Junior High School- Ms. Liappi) Griko is used by the people who live in the South Italy and is a combination of Greek and Italian. Some of the areas where Griko is spoken are Kalavria, Salento and Letse. The name Griko came from the traditional name for the Greeks to the Italia peninsula. Griko has preserved a few Doric elements and seems influenced by Medieval Greek. Its alphabet is italian, but its grammatical constructions are like modern greek dialects'. The songs we heard were something different from what we have heard until today. There were a lot of similarities with modern Greek. Nefeli Salonikidi – Dimitris Adamopoulos – Vaggelis Rousopoulos – Maria Braoudaki – Dora Athanasiadi – Stefanos Manolaros – Marieta Brintziki - Afroditi Gogou - Aggeliki Episkopopoulou - A Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_dialect</div> 8.3. (68 Junior High School of Athens - Ms Katsari) Grico have many common elements with the Greek language but they are also show editorial and orthographic changes. The future time is expressed with present tenses. The present continues is expressed with the verb steo and present participle. (in Apoulia) (steo kalo) The infinitive has been lost in Greek but has been preserved in Griko. Also, adverbs of place are not used. Orthographically, it has been mentioned that instead the letters "χ" (h) and "θ" (th), is used the letter "t" . For example, the word "καληνυχτα - kalinihta" is called "kalinitta" and the word "θάλασσα - thalassa" is called "talassa" .Many griko words are similar to greek and ancient greek or even local Greek dialects. Such examples are: Greek γ θ χ dj d-d κ Aderfi (sister) Atomo (person) Anthropos (man) Gineca (woman) Kiris (Master) Kiriaki (Sunday) Nai (yes) Ohi (no) Vrehei Kai (and) Griko j th kh z ddh k Aderfi Christiano Antropo gineca Ciúri Curiaci Uumen deje vrekhi ce Expressions like ce, Ciúri, curiacì and also Uumen and deje are expressions that are used in Greece in Cretan dialect. Written by: A. Fatsis, A. Malfa, A. Voulimenea, D. Kroustali, D. Stamatelis, K. Mantzana K. Nisidi, M. Argiriou, N. Anastasiou, S. Kakias S. Pala, In Griko there is not -s suffix to male names. F.e. orrio instead of oraios Instead of mp there is only p or t f.e. Petti instead of Pempti and palla instead of mpala Alla (but) ma arena arena Ascimi (ugly) ascimi Astrapes (lightning) astremmata bagnio bath bagno bala ball palla Chimonas (winter) scimona Chionizi (snowning) chionizzi Echis (you have) echi Ekeni (that) cini elios (sun) ijo Ennea (nine 9) innea Etho (here) ittu kannume doing kannome Menoume (stay) steme miazei like mmiazzi mpenei (enter) ‘mbenni oreos handsome orrio Pappous (grandpap) pappoma Pempti Thursday Petti platia plazza mesi Sernomai sirnume Sinefa (clouds) simmeca thalassa see talassa theli (wants) teli thermo hot ttermo Thikio (right) digghio E. Skouteli, A. Malfa, A. Voulimenea, D. Kroustali, D. Stamatelis, K. Mantzana K. Nisidi, M. Argiriou, N. Anastasiou, S. Kakias S. Pala, A. Fatsis 8.4. (68th Junior High School of Athens) (Ms Tselinga) * In Griko there's is no future form. Instead they use the Present. Example: epame avri: we will go there tomorrow. * In Griko as in Ancient and Modern Greek as well, people use two different conjunctions to introduce a subordinate clause: (Ka) = (that) to express a statement and (ma) = (to) to express a cammond or an intention: I think that it will rain Penseo ka vrekni I want it to rain Telo na veressi *Consonant clusters "mp" and ''nt'' are pronounced in Griko as they were in Ancient Greek (where as in modern Greek they have changed to ''mb'' and ''nd''. Written by: Izabella Datsiou Ioanna Mosxopoulo Ioannis Mavrogiannis Christos Koskeras Source ; www.glossagrika.it In Griko we do not find the Greek letters: θ, δ, γ pronounced as ''th and g'' For example: telo (want) itela (would like) mali (big) instead of megali in Greek vrai (evening) instead of vradi in Greek Instead of ''ll'' Griko uses ''dd'' For example: addo (other) instead of ''allo'' in Greek The final -s and -n have disappeared For example: gato (male cat) instead of gatos in Greek Leonidas Mantzaris Dimitris Makrakos Source: http://www.glossagrika.it/

Italian students interview their grandparents

9. Martignano's students interviews with their grandparents. (Ms Tarantino) We have interviewed our grandparents and here are the questions we have asked them: “How old are you? Which is your native language? Which language do you use in your daily life nowadays? Was it difficult for you to learn Italian? Are there any Griko words that you can remember which have disappeared? Is there a word you especially like? Can you remember a poem, a saying, a rhyme in griko?” Here are the results of our research. Marta’s grandpa, Luigi Pascali, aged 81: -The language my mum taught to me was Griko, I learned Italian at school. At present I generally speak the Italian dialect I speak Griko to my friends in the square at night, and to my sister who is older than me. A word that isn’t used anymore is “Pupatedda”: it was the dummy they used to give a baby. They made it by rolling a piece of white cloth with a drop of honey inside. “Kalimera” is an important word to me because I come from Calimera. I like the word “Kardìa”, too, because it means “Heart”. And “Spiti” is a beautiful word, because it means “House”, and it took time and sacrifice to build it… A rhyme I can remember is: ”Biumb-bò, bium-bò, pare na ferome lio nerò, atto frea tu Ja Marcu cino pu leone ti è pleo kalò”. Bium-bò, bium-bò let’s go and fetch some water, from Saint Mark’s well, the one they say it’s the best.” Pierpaolo’s grandpa, aged 88: - I used to speak Griko at home, outside, with my friends, I used to speak dialect, but it was a bit difficult to me because Griko was my first language. My children could understand Griko when my wife and I talked in it but we used to talk dialect to them. Nowadays my wife and I speak Griko at home. Italian is to me a language I learned on my own, but it wasn’t natural to me and I can’t speak it well because I only attended school up to Year 3. Gioia's grandma, aged 91: -Although I spoke both Griko and the dialect, it was far easier to me to speak Griko because it was the first language I learned. Nowadays I usually speak Griko, but with my peers I sometimes speak Griko. A sentence I like: “Ise kaledda” it means “You’re pretty”. I can remember a short poem: “Itela na su po' ce na su tizzo ti piaga ka vastò cesso sto petto, na su cuntezzo cio kaime iammena ce posso echo ancora na diaò” I’d like to tell you and to show you the plague I’ve got in my breast , to tell you what happened to me and what is to happen".

The second theory about the origin of Griko.

3.1. The second theory about the origin of Griko (68th high School of Athens Ms. Tselinga According to the second theory about the origin of Griko, in the Byzantine era around the 9th century AD some Greek immigrants settled in Southern Italy specifically in Otranto, ; in the region of Calabria and in Apulia. The language the Greeks settlers used was the "Hellenistic Koine" from which Griko originated. At that time monasticism flourished ,and that's why there are so many churches and monasteries in the area.This affected the social life and culture in those regions. Elen Lumsi Dafni Sismani Errika Mertzani Adriana Lako When the Norman invaders came to Italy around the 13th century AD, the Latin language appeared and became the language of the church. Between the 12th and 16th centuries the orthodox clergy disappeared from the biggest part of southern Italy, except for Calabria and Salento. During the 17th and 18th century the Hellenic part of Salento started to shrink. The rural population kept using the Griko dialect which has been preserved orally so far. Laskaris Ioannis Manika Sotiria Loudou Lina Source: wikipedia

Differences between Griko and Italian ?

9. Differences between Griko and Italian. (Calimera's school- Ms Marzo) Griko is a Greek origin language. Once it was spoken by farmers and it was orally handed down. In the Middle Ages, to preserve this language, it was necessary to write it and, so, there was a fusion with the local Italian dialect. Griko uses Italian alphabet but it has Greek words and Greek grammatical constructions. You can also find typical Salentine dialect words in Griko language. Written by Francesco Corlianò Source: Grandparents' interview

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