G 20 - EN

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Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received. Source: UNDP. Other than in the other infographics, for Saudi Arabia gross ODA data are shown.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments. No data on investment in renewables was provided as investment in Saudi Arabia was negligible.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received. According to estimates compiled by the OECD, Turkey has now become the biggest aid provider among the emerging economies. However, at the same time Turkey still receives a considerable amount of ODA – USD 3.4 bn (0.4% of GNI) in 2014, with close to 90 percent coming from the EU institutions.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments. No data on investment in renewables was provided as investment in Russia was negligible.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments. In Indonesia, investment in renewables has been falling continuously over the last years, declining to near zero in 2013.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.

Info: The member states of the G20 account for about 85% of global output; 80% of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. This section provides insight into the economic situation of individual member states, including their debt status; the amount of foreign direct investment they received; and their trade balance. In addition, inequality indicators, focusing on gender and income inequality, show which sectors of society benefit most (or least) from the country’s economic performance.

Sources:

• GDP PPP; GDP per Capita; Public Debt, External Debt; Inflation Rate: CIA World Fact Book

• Foreign Direct Investment: Santander Trade Portal

• Trade Balance: UN Comtrade Database

• Gender Pay Gap: ILO

• Income Distribution: Word Bank, CIA World Factbook

• Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International

• Share of Female Labor Force: World Bank

• Imbalances Paid/Unpaid Work: UNDP Human Development Report, CEPAL

• Education: World Bank, UNESCO

• GII: UNDP Human Development Report

The trade balance indicates the balance between the values of imports and exports: trade surplus = export value exceeds import value; trade deficit = import value exceeds export value.

The gross domestic product (GDP) reflects the value of all goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period. In order to compare the GDP of different countries, we looked at the annual GDP measured at purchasing power parity (PPP), which reflects the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. This graphic values the goods and services produced in each G20 country at prices prevailing in the United States.

The gender pay gap describes the income gap between men and women as the average difference between men's and women's hourly earnings. There are many reasons for this gap, for instance, if women work part-time; earn lower compensation than men in the same position; or take more career breaks due to pregnancies, care for family members.

This data are averages for all days of the week (workdays and weekends) and for all people (employed, unemployed, and inactive) for a whole age group.

This indicator shows the level of income inequality within a country. When comparing countries, one needs to bear in mind that the nominal income of household groups differs across countries, such that this measure cannot be used as an indicator for absolute poverty. (For instance, although the income distribution in country A is more unequal than in country B, the absolute income of the poorest 10% might be higher.)

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) looks at the indicators for reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation of women.A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.

Info: The G20 regularly states its commitment to create inclusive growth, shared prosperity and quality jobs. Therefore, here we ask: Do member states live up to their own standards? Are economic gains distributed equally? Do men and women have the same opportunities to participate in the economy? Are the youth integrated into the labor market? Do member states produce high quality jobs? Do they support developing countries in achieving these goals?

Sources:

• HDI; IHDI: UNDP Human Development Report

• Population: CIA World Factbook

• ODA: OECD

• Population with access to water and electricity: World Bank

• Trade Union Members: ILO

• Unemployment Rate Overall and Youth: CIA World Factbook

• Violation of Workers' Rights: ITUC

• ILO Core Conventions: ILO

The human development index (HDI) is calculated based on the following measures: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the gross national income per capita. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) indicates how the achievements of the HDI are distributed among residents. The relative difference between the HDI and the IHDI reflects the loss due to inequality in distribution within a country.

The size of the triangles shall not reflect their respective shares.

The data on official development aid (ODA) used here come from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defined ODA as the resources provided by official agencies of one country (bilateral) and multilateral institutions in either the form of grants or concessional loans in order to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. The 29 members of the DAC (10 of them G20 members: Australia, Canada, EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US) accept the international long-term target of spending 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) on ODA. The other half of the G20 members are ODA recipients. Figures are rounded to one decimal, so that very small shares of ODA in GNI are shown as 0.0%. This data represents net ODA or disbursements from aid agencies minus loan repayments. A negative figure means that the repayments are higher than the new ODA spent/received.

Renewable energy sources not listed do not contribute to the country's electricity generation.

Climate Action Tracker is a joint project by several research organizations tracking countries’ commitments (expressed in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They assess whether these commitments are sufficient to achieve the globally agreed aim of holding global warming below 2° Celsius. As the countries of the EU have submitted one joint INDC, Climate Action Tracker does not assess commitments of individual EU member states, but the INDC of the EU.

The data on investments in the different sectors are accumulated numbers from 2008 to 2013. The absolute amount in USD always gives the amount of investment in 2013. The data include both public and private investments.

Info: The collective action or inaction of the G20 on climate change is of crucial importance for the rest of the world. Here you find information on fossil fuel subsidies, the uptake of different types of renewable energy and other climate actions and commitments by individual member states. We have ranked the performance of the G20 members according to the share of renewables in their electricity production. However, the ranking does not imply that the frontrunners’ energy generation systems are necessarily the best. Brazil, Canada and Indonesia for example rely heavily on large hydropower which entails significant social and environmental problems.

From a sustainability point of view, large hydro power plants are problematic as they often cause social and environmental problems - e.g., resettlement of many people; flooding of large parcels of land that presents a high opportunity cost for communities. Furthermore, they produce greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and CO2 due to the rotting of vegetation and soils flooded by the reservoirs. This is especially relevant if there are seasonal changes in the water table, resulting in a continuous supply of organic material.

Sources:

• Electricity: IEA, IRENA

• GHG Emissions: World Resources Institute

• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: IMF

• INDC: Climate Action Tracker

• Investment in Renewables: The Pew Charitable Trusts

The energy subsidy data here are estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies and arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental and health damage linked to energy production and consumption and an additional tax which is applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues (e.g. a sales tax or VAT). Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs, are also included as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported subsidy numbers. The bulk of energy subsidies in most countries are due to undercharging for domestic environmental damage, including local air pollution—especially in countries with high coal use and high population exposure to emissions—and broader externalities from vehicle use like traffic congestion and accident.